Antibiotics Flashcards
What are sulfonamides often combined with?
other antibiotics, rarely used alone
MOA of sulfonamides?
-Bacteriostatic
-antagonize or inhibit an enzyme essential for bacterial growth
What are some therapeutic uses of sulfonamides?
- Treatment of UTIs
- Treatment of URIs
- Treatment of ear infections
- Treatment of pneumonia
UTIs = Urinary Tract Infections, URIs = Upper Respiratory Infections.
Which bacteria are are commonly treated with sulfonamides?
- Escherichia coli
- Enterobacter species
- Klebsiella spp.
- S. aureus
What is a major contraindication for sulfonamides?
Allergy to sulfa drugs
Name two contraindications for sulfonamides related to patient conditions.
- Pregnancy/Lactation
- Infants younger than 2 months
These groups are at increased risk of adverse effects.
What are some side effects of sulfonamides?
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Crystalluria
- Toxic nephrosis
- Anemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- Photosensitivity
What nursing implication is important for patients taking sulfonamides?
Push fluid, 2000-3000 mL of fluid per day
What do penicillins inhibit?
Bacterial cell wall synthesis
This is vital for bacterial growth and reproduction.
What are beta-lactamases?
Enzymes capable of destroying penicillin
These enzymes can lead to penicillin resistance in bacteria.
What is the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid called?
Augmentin
This combination enhances the effectiveness of amoxicillin.
What are some therapeutic uses of penicillins?
- Prevention of infections
- Treatment of infections caused by gram (+) bacteria
- Treatment of Enterococcus
- Treatment of Streptococcus
- Treatment of Staphylococcus
Penicillins are effective against various bacterial infections.
What are common adverse side effects of penicillins?
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
- Superinfections
- Colitis
These side effects can affect patient compliance.
What are common allergic reactions to penicillins?
- Urticaria
- Pruritus
- Angioedema
Allergic reactions can vary in severity.
Adverse reactions associated with penicillins?
-Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
-idiosyncratic reaction
What nursing implication should be observed after administering penicillins?
Monitor for an allergic reaction for at least 30 minutes
This is crucial to ensure patient safety.
What factors can decrease the absorption of oral penicillins?
- Caffeine
- Citrus fruit
- Cola beverages
- Fruit juices
- Tomato juice
These substances can interfere with medication efficacy.
First generation cephalosporin meds ?
cefazolin (Ancef)
cephalexin (Keflex)
First generation cephalosporins are primarily used for surgical prophylaxis and susceptible staphylococcal infections.
What type of bacteria do first generation cephalosporins have good coverage against?
Gram-positive bacteria
They have poor coverage against gram-negative bacteria.
Second generation cephalosporin mentioned?
Cefprozil
Second generation cephalosporins provide better gram-negative coverage than first generation.
What is the primary use of second generation cephalosporins?
Prophylactically for surgical prophylaxis in abdominal or colorectal surgeries
They have good gram-positive coverage.
What is the third generation cephalosporin mentioned?
ceftriaxone
This generation is most potent against gram-negative bacteria but less active against gram-positive.
What is the key feature of fourth generation cephalosporins?
Broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than third generation
Particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria and used for uncomplicated and complicated UTI.
What is the fifth generation cephalosporin known for?
Broadest spectrum of activity
It is effective against a wide variety of organisms, including MRSA.
