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*Pharmacology - Antibiotics > Antibiotics module > Flashcards

Antibiotics module Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of cell wall - gram positive or gram negative - contains large amounts of peptidoglycan?

A

Gram positive

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2
Q

How do penicillins work?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

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3
Q

Are penicillins bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

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4
Q

How are penicillins excreted?

A

Via the kidneys

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5
Q

Are penicillins safe in pregnancy?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Which antibiotic contains a beta-lactam ring in the nucleus?

A

Penecillins

Cephalosporins

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7
Q

Which bacteria is flucloxacillin useful for?

A

Staphylococci and streptococci only

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8
Q

Which antibiotic is the drug of choice in staph aureus infection?

A

Flucloxacillin

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9
Q

What is co-amoxiclav a combination of?

A

Amoxicillin and cluvulanic acid

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10
Q

What is cluvulanic acid?

A

A beta-lactamase inhibitor - acts on the beta-lactamase produced by bacteria
It does not have antibiotic properties of its own

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11
Q

Which antibiotics are cephalosporins?

A

Any antibiotic with “ceph” or “cef” in the name

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12
Q

How do cephalosporins work?

A

Prevent cross-linking between peptidoglycans in bacterial cell wall (same as penicillins)

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13
Q

Are cephalosporins bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

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14
Q

Where are cephalosporins secreted?

A

Kidneys

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15
Q

Are cephalosporins safe in pregnancy?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What is a risk of cephalosporin use and why?

A

Development of C. difficile

Cephalosporins are a broad-spectrum antibiotic

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17
Q

Which antibiotics are glycopeptides?

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

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18
Q

Are glycopeptides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

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19
Q

How does vancomycin prevent bacterial wall synthesis?

A

Binds into the growing chain to prevent cross-linking between peptidoglycans

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20
Q

In which form must glycopeptides be given?

A

IV - not absorbed orally

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21
Q

How are glycopeptides excreted?

A

Kidneys

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22
Q

Which kind of bacteria do glycopeptides have affect against?

A

Gram positive

NO anti gram negative activity

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23
Q

When might vancomycin be given orally and why?

A

In C. difficile infection - is not absorbed by gut but acts topically on gut

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24
Q

Which groups of antibiotics affect protein synthesis?

A

Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Also - chloramphenicol, clindamycin

25
Q

Are macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

26
Q

Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

27
Q

How do macrolides affect bacterial protein synthesis?

A

Binds to ribosome between two aminoacyl-tRNA transferases to inhibit peptide bond formation between amino acids

28
Q

Which drugs are macrolides?

A

Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

29
Q

How are macrolides excreted?

A

Via liver and biliary system

Not excreted in urine

30
Q

Which macrolide is safe in pregnancy?

A

Erythromycin

31
Q

Why are macrolides useful against bacteria which “hide” from host’s immune system?

A

They are lipophilic and cross cell membranes easily

32
Q

Which drug is an aminoglycoside?

A

Gentamicin

33
Q

Why must gentamicin be given intravenously?

A

It is not absorbed in the gut

34
Q

How does gentamicin inhibit bacterial protein synthesis?

A

Binds to the 30S unit of the ribosome, causing misreading of the codons and coding for the synthesis of an incorrect protein
This is fatal to the bacteria

35
Q

Which bacteria does gentamicin primarily act against?

A

Gram negative aerobic organsims such as coliforms and pseudomonas aeruginosa

36
Q

When is gentamicin typically used in hospital?

A

In life threatening gram negative infection

37
Q

How is gentamicin excreted?

A

In the urine

38
Q

How are tetracyclines excreted?

A

Via the liver and biliary system

39
Q

How are chloramphenicol and clindamycin excreted?

A

Via the liver and biliary system

40
Q

Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

41
Q

How does metronidazole work?

A

Causes strand breakage of bacterial DNA

42
Q

When is metronidazole used?

A

Infection from “true anaerobes”

Some infections caused from protozoa

43
Q

What must bacteria produce to allow copy of it’s own DNA?

A

Folic acid

44
Q

How do sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim work to inhibit bacterial DNA replication?

A

Inhibit enzymes which bacteria use to form folic acid for DNA replication

45
Q

How do fluoroquinolones act?

A

Interact with topoisomerases - enzymes responsible for the coiling and uncoiling of bacterial DNA
This stops DNA from replicating

46
Q

Are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

47
Q

Which kind of antibiotic are fluoroquinolones?

A

Broad-spectrum

48
Q

Which antibiotics are broad-spectrum

A

Cephalosporins

Fluoroquinolones

49
Q

Which is the only antibiotic that can be given orally to treat pseudomonas infection?

A

Fluoroquinolones

50
Q

How are fluoroquinolones excreted?

A

Urine

51
Q

What drugs are fluoroquinolones?

A

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

52
Q

What is the only use for levofloxacin?

A

Severe community acquired pneumonia in penicillin allergic patients

53
Q

What are some side effects of gentamicin?

A

Can cause kidney damage
Dizziness
Deafness

54
Q

What are some side effects of vancomycin?

A

“Red man syndrome” (allergy)

Kidney damage

55
Q

What is a side effect of the tetracyclines?

A

Permanent staining of teeth and bones

56
Q

Which antibiotic interacts with alcohol?

A

Metronidazole

57
Q

What are some side effects of fluoroquinolones?

A

Weakens tendons
Joint problems
Fits

58
Q

Which antibiotics are not to be given to pregnant women?

A

Gentamicin
Tetracylcines
Fluoroquinolones

*Pharmacology - Antibiotics (15 decks)

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