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PHARMACOLOGY - Pulmonary > Antibiotics Listed > Flashcards

Antibiotics Listed Flashcards

1
Q

CIPROFLOXACIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Fluroquinolones
MOA
o Bind and inhibit DNA gyrase (aka topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
o Inhibit DURING cutting step, preventing Reattachment
o DNA fragments accumulate leading to cell death

Bacteria: E. COLI (resistance emerging), PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Bactericidal

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2
Q

Levofloxacin
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Fluroquinolones

MOA
o Bind and inhibit DNA gyrase (aka topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
o Inhibit DURING cutting step, preventing Reattachment
o DNA fragments accumulate leading to cell death

Bacteria: E.coli?, Pseudomonas aeruginosa?•

Bactericidal

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3
Q

RIFAMPIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Rifamycin

MOA
o Bind PROKARYOTIC specific RNA polymerase
o Prevents initiation of RNA synthesis but not elongation

Easily crosses lipophilic surfaces important for treatment of:
o Mycobacteria (mycolic acid walls) – MYCOBACTERIUM TB
o Staphlococcus Epidermidis and Aureus (Biofilm)
o Bacterial Meningitis (BBB penetration)
o Enters phagocytic cells

Bactericidal *Prevents INITIATION of RNA synthesis

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4
Q

Rifaximin
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Rifamycin

MOA
o Bind PROKARYOTIC specific RNA polymerase
o Prevents initiation of RNA synthesis but not elongation

Easily crosses lipophilic surfaces important for treatment of:
o Mycobacteria (mycolic acid walls)o Staphlococcus Epidermidis and Aureus (Biofilm)
o Bacterial Meningitis (BBB penetration)
o Enters phagocytic cells

Bactericidal *Prevents INITIATION of RNA synthesis

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5
Q

METRONIDAZOLE
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Nitroimidazole

MOA
o Pro-drug – must first be reduced by ferredoxin (a nitroreductase) which turns the nitroimidazole in to a toxic radical the FRAGMENTS DNA.
o Ferredoxin only used in ANAEROBIC bacteria

Bacteria: Only effective against anaerobes Bactericidal

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6
Q

COTRIMOXAZOLE
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

DHFR Inhibitor/Sulfonamide

**combination drug of trimethroprim and sulfamethoxazole**

MOA
o Trimethroprim – inhibits PROKARYOTIC DHFR
o Sulfonamide - prevents step 1 of THF acid synthesis by preventing PABA and Pteridine reaction via Pteridine Synthetase

Bacteria: E. COLI , Pneumocystis Jiroveci• Bactericidal

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7
Q

Trimethoprim
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

DHFR inhibitor

MOA
o Inhibition of PROKARYOTIC DHFR

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8
Q

Sulfamethoxazole
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Sulfonamide

MOA
o Inhibits step 1 of THF/DHF acid synthesis by preventing PABA and pteridine reaction via Pteridine Synthase inhibition

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9
Q

DAPTOMYCIN
Group (common root)
MOA (general and specific)
Bacteria Treated
Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Lipopeptide Antibiotic

Bind to bacterial membranes and cause rapid depolarization of membrane potential ultimately DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis failed leading to cell death

o NOT effective in lungs due to Surfactant

Bacteria: Gram (+) bacteria

Bactericidal

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10
Q

FIDAXOMICIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

C. Diff Drug

MOA
o inhibits RNA synthesis by inhibiting sigma dependent transcription

Bacteria: pseudomembranous colitis (C. Diff)

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11
Q

Nitroflurantoin
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Broad-Spectrum

MOA
o Get reduced by flavoproteins then alter ribosomes and other macromolecules

Bactericidal ***only reaches therapeutic concentrations IN URINE

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12
Q

GENTAMICIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Aminoglycoside

MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membrane

Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreadingo

High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation

Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas • Bactericidal

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13
Q

Amikacin
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Aminoglycoside

MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membraneo

Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreadingo
High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation

Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas • Bactericidal

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14
Q

Neomycin
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Aminoglycoside

MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membraneo

Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreading
High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation

Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas • Bactericidal

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15
Q

Streptomycin
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Aminoglycoside

MOA

o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membrane

Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreading
High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation

Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas • Bactericidal

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16
Q

Tobramycin

  • Group (common root)
  • MOA (general and specific)
  • Bacteria Treated
  • Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

Aminoglycoside

MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membraneo

Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreadingo
High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation

Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas • Bactericidal

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17
Q

AZITHROMYCIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Macrolides

MOA
o Bind to 50S RSU (23S RNA part) and prevent AA transfer to new chain by blocking peptidyl Transferase

o Phagocytosed so may be carried by macrophages to infection site

Bacteria: gram (-), gram (+) • [low] = Bacteriostatic [high] = Bactericidal

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18
Q

CLARITHROMYCIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Macrolides

MOA
o Bind to 50S RSU (23S RNA part) and prevent AA transfer to new chain by blocking **peptidyl Transferase

o Phagocytosed so may be carried by macrophages to infection site**

Bacteria: gram (-), gram (+)• [low] = Bacteriostatic [high] = Bactericidal

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19
Q

ERYTHROMYCIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Macrolides
**Least stable of macrolides, labile in stomach acid**

MOA
o Bind to 50S RSU (23S RNA part) and prevent AA transfer to new chain by blocking peptidyl Transferase

o Phagocytosed so may be carried by macrophages to infection site

Bacteria: MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE

gram (-), gram (+) • [low] = Bacteriostatic [high] = Bactericidal

20
Q

Quinpupristin/dalfopristin
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Streptogramins

MOA:
o 50S binding of both (near where macrolides bind) close binding leads to SYNERGISTIC effect

Bacteria: ??

Bactericidal - if synergistic binding of both occurs

21
Q

CLINDAMYCIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Lincosamides

MOA:
o 50S RSU binding at 23S RNA part (PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE) and cause premature dissociation of peptidyl -tRNA

Bacteria: MRSA – when used in conjunction with vacomycin, gram (+), anaerobes

_Bacteriostatic **Useful in Toxin Producing Infections because it prevents toxin production and slows bacterial growth** (e.g. Diptheria)_

22
Q

LINEZOLID
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

MOA
o bind 50S ribosome at UNIQUE SITE protein synthesis inhibitor
o NO CROSS RESISTANCE

Bacteria: MRSA

23
Q

DOXYCYCLINE
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Tetracyclines

MOA
o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction

Bacteria: gram (+), gram (-), some anaerobes

Bacterstatic *Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

24
Q

TIGECYCLINE
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Tetracyclines

MOA
o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction

Bacteria: gram (+), gram (-), some anaerobes

Bacterstatic *Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

25
Q

Minocycline
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Tetracyclines

MOA
o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction

  • Bacteria: gram (+), gram (+), some anaerobes
  • Bacterstatic *Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity
26
Q

Tetracycline
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Tetracyclines

MOA
o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction

Bacteria: gram (+), gram (+), some anaerobes

Bacterstatic *Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

27
Q

MUPIROCIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Mupirocin

MOA
o Isoleucyl transfer-RNA syntetase inhibition – NO CROSS-RESISTANCE with other classes

Bacteria: gram (-) and gram (+) , Strep. Pyogenes and MRSA • Bactricidal

28
Q

Chlroamphenicol
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated •
Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Mupirocin

MOA
o Isoleucyl transfer-RNA syntetase inhibition – NO CROSS-RESISTANCE with other classes

MAY INTERFERE WITH CLINDAMYCIN AND MACROLIDES

Bacteria: gram (-) and gram (+) , Strep. Pyogenes and MRSA

Bactricidal

29
Q

FOSFOMYCIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Unknown group

MOA
o Transported in via Glycerol3P or G6P transport system

o Uses epoxide group to irreversibly inactivate enolpyruvyl transferase by taking place of phosphoenolpyruvate

THIS HAPPENS EARLY IN CELL WALL SYNTH.

Bacteria: ??• Bactericidal

30
Q

AMPICILLIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

AMINOPENICILLIN

MOA:
o PBP binding inducing cell wall lysis
o NH2 group allows it to cross lipid membrane of gram (-) bacteria

Bacteria: gram (+) and gram (-)

31
Q

AZTREONAM
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

MONOBACTAM

MOA
o PBP inhibitor – for one INSIDE the cell wall
o SULFONIC acid insteat of thiazole attached to ß-lactam ring

Bacteria: gram (+)

Bactricidal

32
Q

PENICILLIN G
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Penicillin

MOA
o Binds to PBP causing cell wall lysis

Bacteria: gram (+), STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS • Bactericidal

33
Q

PIPERACILLIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

AMINOPENICILLIN – BROAD SPECTRUM

MOA:
o PBP binding inducing cell wall lysis
o NH2 group allows it to cross lipid membrane of gram (-) bacteria

Bacteria: gram (+) and gram (-) • Bactericidal

34
Q

IMIPENEM
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Carbapenems

MOA:
o Inhibit PBP
oReplacing sulfur with carbon in the thialzole ring makes it better at penetrating, gives it resistance to bacterial enzymes, and affinity for all PBPs

Bacteria: gram(-) and gram (+) (PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA)

Bactericidal

35
Q

IMIPENEM/CILASTIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Carbapenems

MOA:
o Inhibit PBP
o 6 membered ring makes it better at penetrating, gives it resistance to bacterial enzymes, and affinity for all PBPs

Bacteria: gram(-) and gram (+) (PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA)• Bactericidal **CILASTIN inhibits DHP-2 in kidney proximal tubules INCREASING urinary concentration of Imipenem

36
Q

AMOXICILLIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

AMINOPENICILLIN

MOA:
o PBP binding inducing cell wall lysis
o NH2 group allows it to cross lipid membrane of gram (-) bacteria

Bacteria: gram (+) and gram (-)

37
Q

CALVULANIC ACID
Given with Piperacillin to inhibit ß-lactamases

A

TAZOBACTAM
Given with Piperacillin to inhibit ß-lactamases

38
Q

Nafcillin
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Penicillin – NARROW spectrum

MOA:
o PBP binding leading to cell wall degradationo Bulky side chain inhibits ß-lactamases

Bacteria: gram (+)• Bactericidal

39
Q

OXACILLIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
• Broad or Narrow Spectrum

A

Penicillin – NARROW spectrum

MOA:
o PBP binding leading to cell wall degradationo Bulky side chain inhibits ß-lactamases

Bacteria: gram (+), non-MRSA STAPH. • Bactericidal

40
Q

PENICILLIN V
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Penicillin

MOA
o Binds to PBP causing cell wall lysis

Bacteria: gram (+)• Bactericidal

41
Q

VANCOMYCIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal

A

Vancomycin

MOA
o Prevents binding of traspeptidases to D-ala D-ala

Bacteria: gram (+) (e.g. C. Diff), MRSA, (STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE – only if resitance to penicillin)• Bactericidal

42
Q

Cefazolin
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
• WHEN is it used?

A

Cephalosporin I

MOA:
o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation

Bacteria: Steptococcus or Staphylococcus • Bactricidal• SURGICAL PROPHYLAXIS

43
Q

CEPHALEXIN
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal • WHEN is it used?

A

Cephalosporin I

MOA:
o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation

Bacteria: Steptococcus or Staphylococcus • Bactricidal• OUT PATIENT USE

44
Q

Cefepime
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
• Treats WHAT?

A

Cephalosporin IV

MOA
o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation

Bacteria: gram (-) anaerobes • Treats – Pseudomonal Infections (PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA)

45
Q

CEFTRIAXONE
• Group (common root)
• MOA (general and specific)
• Bacteria Treated
• Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
• Treats WHAT?

A

Cephalosporin III

MOA
o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation

Bacteria: gram (-) anaerobes , STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

Treats – pediatric meningitis

PHARMACOLOGY - Pulmonary (30 decks)

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