Antibiotics I Flashcards by justine castillo

Which antibiotics target cell envelop?

Cloxacillin
amoxicillin
co-amoxiclav

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Which antibiotics target cell exterior?

Cloxacillin
amoxicillin
co-amoxiclav

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Which antibiotics block protein production

chloramphenicol
gentamicin
erythromycin
clarithromycin
azithromycin
tetracycline
doxycycline
chlortetracycline
lincosamides
nitrofurantoin

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What is the classification of Cloxacillin?

anti-staphylococcal penicillin

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What is the classification of amoxicillin?

broad spectrum penicillin

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what is the classification of co-amoxiclav

broad spectrum with beta-lactamase inhibitor penicillin

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What is the dosage for cloxacillin

250-200mg q6h

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what is the dosage for amoxicillin

PO 500mg-1g q8h

max 3g

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what is the dosage of co-amoxiclav

mild-moderate infection:
625mg

severe infection:
1g 1 tablet q12h

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side effects of penicillins

GI irritation: diarrhoea/loose stools

hypersensitivity reactions: rashes

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Contraindication of penicillins

hypersensitivity to penicillin

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counselling point of penicillins

medication can cause diarrhoea as it also kills good bacteria in the gut but can be reduced with probiotics
space the doses evenly throughout the day
keep taking this medicine until the course is finished unless you are told to stop
if hypersensitivity occurs, stop taking & seek doctor

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What are the counselling points that all oral antibiotics should have?

medication can cause diarrhoea as it also kills good bacteria in the gut but can be reduced with probiotics
space the doses evenly throughout the day
keep taking this medicine until the course is finished unless you are told to stop

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Cephalosporins Drugs

Cephalexin/Cefalexin

Cefuroxime

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What can cephalexin and cefuroxime replace?

Penicillin, suitable for those who are allergic

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Dosing for Cefalexin

250mg - 2g q6-8h
OR
500mg q12h

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Dosing for Cefuroxime

PO 250-500mg q12h

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What is cefalexin classified under

first-generation

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What is cefuroxime classified under

second-generation

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Counselling points of Cefalexin

medication can cause diarrhoea as it also kills good bacteria in the gut but can be reduced with probiotics
space the doses evenly throughout the day
keep taking this medicine until the course is finished unless you are told to stop
if hypersensitivity occurs, stop taking & seek doctor

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Counselling points of Cefuroxime

medication can cause diarrhoea as it also kills good bacteria in the gut but can be reduced with probiotics
space the doses evenly throughout the day
keep taking this medicine until the course is finished unless you are told to stop
if hypersensitivity occurs, stop taking & seek doctor

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Types of Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol 0.5% eye drops
Chloramphenicol 1% eye ointment
Chloramphenicol 5% ear drops

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Dosing for Chloramphenicol 0.5% eye drops

1-2 drops q2-4h

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Dosing for Chloramphenicol 1% eye ointment

3-4 small amounts 3-4 times daily

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Dosing for Chloramphenicol ear drops

2-3 drops BD-TDS

Side effects of Chloramphenicol

stinging or burning after instillation

Counselling points for Chloramphenicol

- continue to apply eye drops for at least 48 hours after symptoms resolved - contact lenses should not be worn until 24 hours after the infection has completely restored

Drugs of Gentamicin

ophthalmic gentamicin topical gentamicin

Dosing for ophthalmic gentamicin

1-2 drops q4h (eye drops) apply small amount BD-TDS (eye ointment)

Dosing for topical gentamicin

apply on affected area twice daily

Side effects of ophthalmic gentamicin

ocular irritation

counselling points for ophthalmic gentamicin

- continue to apply eye drops for at least 48 hours after symptoms resolved - contact lenses should not be worn until 24 hours after the infection has completely restored

Drug of Macrolides

- Erythromycin - Clarithromycin - Azithromycin

Spectrum of activity of Macrolides

narrow spectrum

Dosing for erythromycin

PO 250-500mg q6-12h

Side effects of Erythromycin

Nausea & vomitting diarrhoea abdominal pain

What drug does Erythromycin interacts with?

Drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes. | e.g rifampicin

Counselling points for erythromycin

- to be taken on an empty stomach, 2 hours before or after meals - swallow whole, do not chew or crush

Dosing for Clarithromycin

250-500mg q12h

Side effects for Clarithromycin

Nausea & vomitting diarrhoea abdominal pain

Contraindication for Erythromycin

- prolonged use of statins | - hypersensitivity to macrolides or ketolides

Contraindication of Clarithromycin

- prolonged use of statins | - hypersensitivity to macrolides or ketolides

Does Clarithromycin have any drug interactions?

Drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A4 enzymes. | e.g rifampicin

Counselling points of Clarithromycin

- Can be taken with or without food | - may cause diarrhoea/loose stools, take in probiotics

Dosing for Azithromycin

PO 500mg OD

Side effects of Azithromycin

nausea & vomitting diarrhoea abdominal pain

Counselling points for Azithromycin

can be taken with or without food

Drugs for tetracyclines

- tetracycline | - doxycycline

Spectrum of activity for tetracyclines

broad spectrum

Dosing for Tetracycline

250-500mg q6h-q12h

Side effects of Tetracycline

nausea & vomitting diarrhoea photosensitivity

Contraindication of tetracycline

- children less than 8 | - 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy

Counselling points for tetracyclines

- take 1hr before food or 2 hours after food - patients to avoid sunlight or sun lamps, apply sunblock - medication can cause loose stools/diarrhoea, take probiotics - space doses evenly throughout the day - finish the course unless told to stop

Dosing for Doxycycline

PO 100-200mg OD in 1-2 divided doses

Side effects of doxycycline

- Oesophageal injury | - upper abdominal pain

Contraindication of Doxycycline

- children less than 8 | - 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy

Counselling point for doxycycline

- capsules and tablets should be swallowed whole with plenty of water, while sitting or standing - capsules should be taken with or soon after food - preferred to take in the morning - do not take antacids/ medications containing iron, calcium, or zinc 2 hours after taking this medication - prevent exposure to sunlight or sun lamps, wear sunblock

Indication for Chlortetracycline

bacterial eye infections

dosing for chlortetracycline

apply thin strip of 1% ointment every 2-4 hours or more frequently

side effects of chlortetracycline

- burning sensation in the eyes | - contact dermatitis

Contraindication of chlortetracycline

- herpersensitivity to tetracyclines | - pregnancy and breastfeeding

Counselling points of chlortetracycline

counsel on administration of eye ointment

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Antibiotics I Flashcards

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