Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Question 1

the 3 phases of inflammation of ______, subacute, and _____.

Answer 1

acute

chronic

Question 2

the _____ phase lasts 1-3 days, and has 5 clinical signs: heat, redness, swelling, pain, impaired function

Answer 2

acute

Question 3

the subacute phase lasts ___ - ___ days to about 1 month and corresponds to a cleaning phase. If it is not resolved, it becomes ______

Answer 3

3-4 days

chronic

Question 4

prostaglandins in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of ________, which reset the temperature set to a higher point, and bone marrow to release more _______

Answer 4

cytokines

WBCs

Question 5

step 3: biochemical messages are released to cause _______ and blood vessel ________, which allow WBCs to reach the site

Answer 5

vasodilation

blood vessel permeability

Question 6

activation of local _______ in the tissues is step 2, which start to fight the infection until the _____ comes

Answer 6

macrophages

WBCS

Question 7

in step 4, dendritic cells (phagocytic) present more information and samples from the invading organisms, so they specifically signal the _____

Answer 7

WBCs (T Helper cells)

Question 8

in step 5, the main fighting force arrives. If a virus, _______ cells are recruited

Answer 8

cytotoxic CD8 cells

Question 9

in step 5, ______ are recruited if it is bacterial

Answer 9

neutrophils

Question 10

______ are specialized phagocytes that engulf the ____ - ____ bacterial

Answer 10

neutrophils

antibody-coated

Question 11

things turn back to normal in step 6. Dead cells are ______, fibroblasts _____ the damaged site, involved cells return to _______

Answer 11

phagocytized
repair
circulation

Question 12

_________ are the principle cells of chronic inflammation

Answer 12

macrophages

Question 13

vascular changes, edema, and neutrophilic response are ____ inflammation, whereas good tissue destruction, scarring, and _______ are _____ inflammation

Answer 13

acute
angiogenesis
chronic

Question 14

________ inflammation is a distintive pattern of chronic inflammation characterized by aggregates of activated _______ with scattered lymphocytes

Answer 14

granulomatous

macrophages

Question 15

granulomas are attempting to ____-___ and isolate ____ ____ and debris

Answer 15

wall-off

foregin material

Question 16

mycobacterium TB, T. pallidum, fungal infections may all cause ________ inflammation, which form in persistent T-cell responses, immune-mediated diseases, and foreign bodies (sutures/splinters)

Answer 16

granulomatous

Question 17

inflammatory injury may occur if the reaction is ____ (severe infection), prolonged, or _______ (autoimmune)

Answer 17

strong

inappropriate

Question 18

pyrogens (and LPS) stimulate _______ in the vascular cells of the hypothalamus to produce ______

Answer 18

prostaglandins

fever

Question 19

C-reactive portein, _____, and _____ ____ are the 3 best known acute phase proteins. These are stimulated by cytokines

Answer 19

fibrinogen

serum amyloid A protein

Question 20

acute-phase proteins bind to microbial cell walls, to act as ________

Answer 20

opsonins

Question 21

fibrinogen binds to ________ and causes them to form stacks (_______) that sediment more rapidly. This is why the ______ is a test for systemic inflammatory response

Answer 21

erythrocytes
roleaux
ESR

Question 22

prolonged infection stimulates the production of _____, which increase the bone marrow output of leukocytes, to compensate for the consumption of them in the inflammatory reaction

Answer 22

colony stimulating factors

Question 23

the body release ___ - ___ mg of cortisol daily. Half life is ___ to ___ minutes

Answer 23

10-20 mg

60 to 90 minutes

Question 24

glucocorticoids cause increase in gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, _____, ____ ____, and a decrease in inflammation and immune

Answer 24

proteolysis, insulin resistance

Question 25

glucocorticoid injections caue changes in _____, resulting in mood changes (insomnia, euphoria, depression)

Answer 25

CNS changes

Question 26

giving 5 mg of prednisone, is equivalent of giving _____ mg of cortisol (hydrocortisone). Range is 5-60mg.

Answer 26

20 mg

Question 27

Prednisone (Deltasone) is primarily given in the ____ form

Answer 27

oral

Question 28

if the condition came on fast and aggressive, treat with ____ initial doses, and taper ____

Answer 28

high initial

taper quickly

Question 29

under treatment of prednisone will be more _______ than overtreatment

Answer 29

dangerous

Question 30

prednisone inhibits ______

Answer 30

phospholipase

Question 31

prednisone is activated by enzymes in the _____ to turn into _____ (used if there is liver toxicity/failure)

Answer 31

liver

prednisolone

Question 32

2 weeks or longer on prednisone, you must ____

Answer 32

taper

Question 33

GI disturbances are common (abdominal dissension, diarrhea) with _________

Answer 33

corticosteroid use

Question 34

An ADR may cause _____ changes, rare risk of suicide

Answer 34

mood

Question 35

if treatment extends over weeks to months, the patient should be given _______ therapy during additional stress or trauma

Answer 35

supplementary

Question 36

it make take ___ to ___ for the HPA axis to function acceptably. Cortisol levels may not return to normal for another ___ to ___ months following taper

Answer 36

2-12 months

6 to 9 months

Question 37

withdrawal of prednisone will be fever, malaise, ______, and _____

Answer 37

arthralgia

myalgia

Question 38

_______ of TB should be used in patients with latent TB if they are on prednisone

Answer 38

chemoprophylaxis

Question 39

Prenisone 10mg #10

take 1 tab PO q12 hours x 5 days

Answer 39

example

Question 40

other inflammatory drugs include tetracyclines, _________ (inhibit cytokines and inflammatory pathways) , and metronidazole

Answer 40

macrolides (azithromycin) - protein synthesis inhibitors