AnP Chapter 8 (LO7) Flashcards
FUNCTIONS
Provides the body’s framework and foundation
Interaction between bones and muscles create movement
Many muscle, arteries, veins and nerves are named from nearby bones
Provide landmarks for clinicians navigating around the body
Axial skeleton
80 comprice upright, central supporting axis of body (skull, rib cage and vertabrel column)
Appendicular skeleton
126 bones make up limbs, pelvic and shoulder area
Articulations
surface markings, flat or rounded for joint formation, projections for muscle attachments, and depressions/passages for blood vessels and nerves
Condyle
Rounded knob usually fits into fossa on another bone to form a joint
Facet
A flat surface
Head
The prominent expanded end of a bone
Fossa
A furrow or depression
Fovea
A small pit
Sulcus
Groove or elongated depression
Crest
A moderately raised ridge
Epicondyle
A bump superior to a condyle
Process
A projection or raised area
Spine
A sharp, pointed process
Trochanter
A large process; found only on the femur
Tubercle
A small, rounded process
Tuberosity
A rough raised bump usually for muscle attachment
Canal
A tunnel through a bone
Fissure
A long slit for blood vessels and nerves
Foramen
A round opening, usually a passageway for vessels and nerves
Meatus
A tuber-like opening
Sinus
Cavity within a bone
Pectoral girdle (4 bones)
Scapula 2
Clavicle 2
Pelvic girdle (2 bones)
Coxal 2
Upper limbs (60 bones)
Humerous 2 Radius 2 Ulna 2 Carpals 16 Metacarpals 10 Phalanges 28
Lower limbs (60 bones)
Femur 2 Patella 2 Tibia 2 Fibula 2 Tarsals 14 Metatarsals 10 Phalanges 28
Ear ( 6 bones)
Malleus 2
Incus 2
Stapes 2
Vertebral column ( 26 bones)
Cervical vertebrae 7
Thoracic vertebrae 12
Lumbar vertebrae 5
*Skull (22 bones)
Cranium 8
Face 14
Cranium 8
Frontal 1 Parietal 2 Temporal 2 Occipital 1 Sphenoid 1 Ethmoid 1
Face 14
Nasal 2 Maxillary 2 Zygomatic 2 Mandible 1 Lacrimal 2 Palatine 2 Inferior nasal conchae 2 Vomer 1
CRANIUM
Bony structure housing the brain
Parietal bones 2
join together at top of head to form top and sides of cranial cavity
Occipital bones 1
forms the rear of the skull
Frontal bone 1
forms forehead and roof of eye sockets (orbits)
Ethmoid bone 1
contributes to walls of orbits, roof/wall of nasal cavity and nasal septum
Cribriform plate
forms part of roof of nasal cavity (allows olfactory nerve reach brain)
Sphenoid bone 1
key part of cranial floor plus floor and walls of the orbits
Sella turcica
houses pituitary gland
Temporal bones 2
form sides of cranium/ part of cranial floor also inner/middle ear
External auditory meatus
Mastoid process
Zygomatic arch
Styloid process
External auditory meatus (opening to ear)
Mastoid process (prominent lump behind ear)
Zygomatic arch (cheek bone)
Styloid process (attachment point for several neck muscles)
SUTURE LINES
Immovable joints that join the skull together
Coronal suture
joint between the parietal bones and the frontal bone
Lambdoid suture
the line of articulation between the parietal and occipital
Squamous suture
runs along the top edge of temporal bone
Sagittal suture
joint between the right and left parietal bones
Foramina
holes that allow for passage of nerves and blood vessels
Foramen magnum
large opening in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through as it connects to the brainstem
14 bones of the face perform several functions
Support teeth
Attachment point for muscles
Form part of nasal and orbital cavities
Gives each face a unique characteristics
Maxillae 2
meet to form upper jaw; foundation of the face
Form part of orbit floor, roof of mouth and floor/walls of nos
Zygomatic 2
shape the cheeks and outer edge of the orbit
Lacrimal 2
paper thin bones form part of the side wall of the orbit
Nasal bones 2
rectangular bone form bridge of nose (rest of nose is cartilage) rectangular bone form bridge of nose (rest of nose is cartilage)
Inferior nasal conchae 2
contribute to the nasal cavity
Vomer
forms inferior half of nasal septum
Palatine 2
form posterior portion of hard palate
Form part of wall of nasal cavity and part of orbit floor
Mandible 1
largest and strongest facial bone
Articulations with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Only facial bone that can move
Auditory ossicles
3 bones of the middle ear
Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), and Stapes (stirrup)
Hyoid bone
u shaped bone that sits between chin and larynx
Only bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bone
Attachment point for muscles that control tongue, mandible and larynx
Paranasal sinuses
skull cavity: 4 pairs of sinuses that open into internal nose
Frontal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses
Ethmoid sinuses
INFANT SKULL
Varies from adult in 2 key ways:
- Suture lines have not yet fused
- -Bones of skull can shift and overlap
- -Allow for rapid brain growth - Contains fontanels
5 SECTIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Cervical vertebrae 7 Thoracic vertebrae 12 Lumbar vertebrae 5 Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae
Vertebral foramen
allows for passage from vertebrae
Spinous process
projects posteriorly from vertebrae
Bumps you feel when you run hand along spine
Transverse process
extend from each side of vertebrae
Both transverse and spinous processes serve as attachment points for ligaments and muscles
Intervertebral disc
layer of cartilage between each vertebrae
Designed to support weight and absorb shock
Nucleus pulposus
gel-like core of vertebral disc
Annulus fibrosus
ring of tough fibrocartilage
ATLAS
c1
Greek god who carried world on his shoulders
Supports the skull
Has no body rather a delicate ring and large vertebral foramen
Depressions on each side of the vertebra articulate with bony projections from occipital bone
When head moves back and forth the projections rock back and forth in the depressions
AXIS Dens (odontoid process):
Transverse ligament:
C2
Dens (odontoid process): projection that projects into the atlas and allows swivel side to side
Transverse ligament: holds the dens in place
STERNUM
3 regions
- Manubrium
- -Broadest portion
- -Suprasternal notch: easily palpated - Body
- -Largest portion
- -Joins manubrium at sternal angle (location of 2nd rib) - Xiphoid process
- -Important landmark for CPR
- -Provides attachment point for some abdominal muscles
True ribs
1-7 attach to sternum by costal cartilage
Costal cartilage
strip of hyaline cartilage
False ribs
8-12
8,9, 10 attach to cartilage of rib 7
Floating ribs
11 and 12
Do not attach to any part of anterior thoracic cage
Costal margin
Costal angle
Costal margins: lower edges of thoracic cage
Costal angle: 2 costal margins meet at xiphoid process
- Should be less than 90 degrees
- Pregnancy and lung disease cause angle to increase
Shoulder girdle/pectoral girdle
supports the arm
2 pectoral girdles- 1 on each side
Consists of a clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade)
Clavicle
slightly s-shaped
Articulations with sternum and scapula to help support the shoulder
Scapula
lies over ribs 2 to 7
Lateral portion has 3 main features
scapula 3 features
- Acromion process: articulates with clavicle
- Only point where arm and scapula attach to rest of skeleton - Coracoid process: finger like process provides a point for arm muscles to attach
- Glenoid cavity: shallow socket articulates with head of humorous
Humerus
long bone of upper arm consisting of:
Head: enlarged end of bone covered in articular cartilage
Articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula
Olecranon fossa
a depression on posterior side of humerus
Olecranon process
bony part of elbow
Slides in the olecranon fossa when arm is extended
Styloid process of radius/ulna
bony bumps that can be felt at wrist
Ulna
other bone lower arm: longer than radius
Proximal head:
distinctive disc that rotates on humerus when palm is turned forward and back
Radial tuberosity
where the biceps muscle attaches to bone
Phalanges
form fingers
Thumb consists of 2 others consist of 3
Identified by roman numerals I-V
Metacarpal bones
5 form the palm
Carpal bones
8 form wrist arranged in 2 rows of 4 bones
Allow wrist to move back/forth and side to side
Each bone has individual name
8 carpal bone names
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapoid, capitate and hamate
Pelvic girdle
foundation of the pelvis
Os coxae
each of the 2 large bones of hip (Coxal bone or innominate bone)
Os coxae consists of 3 bones fused together
ilium
ischium
pubis
ilium
ischium
pubis
Ilium: large, flaring section you can feel under the skin
Ischium: lower posterior portion
Pubis: most anterior portion that joins with other pubis at the symphysis pubis
Sacroiliac joint
where each os coxae articulates with the sacrum
Iliac crest
upper, outer edge of ilium
Greater sciatic notch
point through which static nerve passes on it’s path to the back of the thigh
Acetabulum
a depression that houses the head of the femur to form “hip socket”
Ischial tuberosity
support body when sitting
PELVIS
Combination of os coxae and the sacrum
Supports the trunk
Provides an attachment point for legs
Protects the organs of the pelvis
Divided into true (lesser) pelvis and a false (greater) pelvis
True pelvis
extends between pelvic brim
Pelvic outlet
lower edge of true pelvis
False pelvis
extends between the outer, flaring edges of iliac bones
Femur
Longest/strongest bone in body
Articulates with acetabulum of pelvis
Medial and lateral epicondyle
widest points of femur
Greater/lesser trochanter
attachment for hip muscles
Fibula
Long/slender beside tibia
Helps stabilize ankle
Does not bear weight
Head articulates with tibia
Lateral malleolus
distal end of fibula (ankle)
Tibia
Only one that bears weight (skin)
Articulates with femur
Tibial tuberosity
attachment point for thigh muscles
Medial malleolus
bony knob on inner ankle
Patella
Triangular sesamoid bone
Embedded in tendon of knee
Starts as cartilage and then ossifies between age 3 and 6
Hallux
big toe
Contains 2 bones: proximal and distal phalanx (not middle)
Arches of foot include:
a lateral longitudinal arch
Medial longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
