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APHY 165 > AnP Chapter 21 (LO5) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 21 (LO5) Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive tract includes

A 
Mouth 
Pharynx 
Esophagus 
Stomach 
Small and large intestine 
Rectum 
Anus
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2
Q

The accessory organs of digestive tract

A 
Teeth 
Tongue 
Salivary glands 
Liver 
Pancreas 
gallbladder
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3
Q

digestion

A

breaks down food and transforms it into a substance that cells can use

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4
Q

mechanical digestion

A

this is the first stage of digestion

involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces beginning with chewing and continuing with contractions and churning in stomach and small intestine

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5
Q

chemical digestion

A

the second phase of digestion uses digestive enzymes produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas and small intestines to break down food particles into nutrients that cells can use

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6
Q

Four layers of tissue make up the walls of the digestive tract

A

the mucosa,
the submucosa,
the muscularis
the serosa

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7
Q

The mucosa

A

innermost layer

Consists of 3 layers of its own

Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones

Absorbs nutrients after digestion

Contains lymphoid tissue that protects against disease

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8
Q

The submucosa

A

thicker layer of connective tissue that contains glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

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9
Q

the muscularis

A

consists of two layers of smooth muscle

contracts and relaxes to propel food

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10
Q

the serosa

A

outer most layer; covers portion of digestive tract

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11
Q

enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

the digestive system’s nervous system

consist of 500 million neurons

part of the ANS and regulates digestive motility, secretion and blood flow

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12
Q

myentreric nerve plexus:

A

resides between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscle in the muscularis layer and submucosal nerve plexus

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13
Q

submucosal nerve plexus

A

which is embedded in the submucosa

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14
Q

Mesenteries

A

layers of visceral peritoneum that suspend the digestive organs within the abdominal cavity while anchoring them loosely to the abdominal wall

Contain blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes that supply the digestive tract

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15
Q

Ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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16
Q

Greater omentum

A

a portion of the mesentery extending from the greater curvature of the stomach and hanging down over the small intestines

Prevents friction and helps localized infection

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17
Q

Lesser omentum

A

extends from the lesser curve of the stomach to the liver

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18
Q

Mesocolon

A

fixes the colon to the posterior abdominal wall

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19
Q

Mouth

A

Where digestion begins

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20
Q

Hard palate

A

form by the portions of the maxilla and palatine bones; separates the mouth from the nasal cavity

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21
Q

Soft palate

A

which consist of mostly skeletal muscle it forms an arch between the mouth and the nasopharynx

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22
Q

Uvula

A

a cone shaped process that hangs down from the soft palate

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23
Q

Tongue

A

a skeletal muscle covered buy a mucous membrane it repositions food in the mouth during chewing it also contains taste buds

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24
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

a fold a mucous membrane that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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25
Q

Saliva

A

a clear fluid consisting mostly of water but also containing mucus, an enzyme that kills bacteria, antibacterial compounds, electrolytes and two digestive enzymes secreted by salivary gland’s

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26
Q

The parotid gland

A

but it’s just underneath the skin anterior to the ear it drains saliva to an area near the second upper molar

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27
Q

The submandibular gland

A

empties into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum

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28
Q

The sublingual gland

A

drains through multiple ducts onto the floor of the mouth

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29
Q

Mastication

A

digestion begins when food enters the mouth and he’s chewed

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30
Q

Teeth

A

The adult mouth contains 32 permanent teeth

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31
Q

Incisors

A

chisel like sharp edges for cutting food

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32
Q

Canine

A

pointed teeth design to tear food

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33
Q

Premolars and molars

A

have large flat surfaces for crashing or grinding

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34
Q

The crown

A

the portion of the tooth above the gum

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35
Q

Neck

A

a location where the route and crown meet the gumline

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36
Q

Root

A

it’s in bedded into a socket in the jawbone

37
Q

Enamel

A

hard tissue that covers the crown

38
Q

Dentin

A

firm yellowish tissue that is contained in the bulk of the tooth

39
Q

Pulp cavity

A

contains a mass of connective tissue, blood and lymph Fattic vessels, and nerves called pulp

Pulp fills the root canals of each root

40
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

Lines of socket fibers from ligament infiltrate both route and socket to anchor the tooth in place

41
Q

Cementum

A

connective tissue that covers the Dentin in the root

42
Q

Pharynx

A

After food leaves the oral cavity it moves into the pharynx

  1. After food has been broken down by the teeth and moistened by saliva the tongue manipulates the bolus to the back of the oral cavity
  2. At this point the soft palate lifts while the larynx rises and food moves through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx on its way to the esophagus
43
Q

Esophagus

A

a muscular tube about 10 inches that connects the pharynx to the stomach

44
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

muscular sphincter helps prevent backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus

45
Q

Peristalsis

A

a wave like muscular contraction that propels the food toward the stomach

46
Q

stomach

A

sac that stores food

47
Q

Chyme

A

semi fluid mixture that leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum by passing through pyloric sphincter

48
Q

Lesser curvature

Greater curvature

A

along the upper surface of the stomach

49
Q

Stomachs 4 regions

A

cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

50
Q

Parietal cells

A

secrete hydrochloric acid which helps kill microbes in swallowed food and intrinsic factor

51
Q

Chief cells

A

secrete digestive enzymes such as Pepsinogen

52
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete the hormone ghrelin (which stimulates the hypothalamus to increase appetite) and gastrin ( which influences digestive function

53
Q

Liver

A

Body’s largest gland fills the upper right abdomen below the diaphragm

Performs more than 250 tasks including storing and releasing glucose, processing vitamins and minerals, filtering toxins and recycling old blood cells

Liver has four lobes two
Lobes (the right and left) are visible from an anterior view

Term hepatic refers to the liver

Hepatitis is swelling and inflammation of the liver

54
Q

The caudate lobe:

The quadrate lobe:

A

The caudate lobe: near the inferior vena cava

The quadrate lobe: next to the gallbladder

55
Q

Heptic artery

A

oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver

56
Q

Portal vein

A

carries oxygenated poor but nutrient rich blood from the digestive organs and spleen to liver

57
Q

Haptic lobules

A

tiny six sided cylinders that fill the interior of the liver and or the functional unit of the liver

58
Q

Central vein

A

passes through the core of each lobule

59
Q

Hepatocytes

A

sheets of hectic cells found out from the center of the lobule

60
Q

Sinusoids

A

passageways filled with blood

61
Q

Blood flow through the liver

A
  1. Nutrient rich blood from stomach and intestines enter the lobule through small branches of the portal vein
  2. Oxygen rich blood enters the lobule through small branches of the heptic artery
  3. The blood filters through the sinusoids allowing cells to remove nutrients as well as hormones, toxins and drugs
    - —At the same time the liver secrete substances into blood for distribution throughout the body
  4. Also phagocytic cells called Kupffer cells remove bacteria, worn out red blood cells and debris from bloodstream
  5. The central vein carries the processed blood out of the liver
  6. Canaliculi: Carry bile secreted by hepatic cells and ultimately drain into the right and left hepatic ducts
62
Q

Gallbladder

A

A sac attached to the underside of the liver it stores and concentrates bile

Bile reaches the gallbladder through a series of ducks it leaves delivered by the right and left haptic ducks which converge to form the common haptic duct and goes on to become the common bile duct
—Bile from the liver first fills the common bile duct before backing up into the gallbladder through the cystic duct

63
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

formed by the bile duct merged with the duct of the pancreas

64
Q

Major duodenal papilla

A

raised area that the ampulla enters the duodenum

65
Q

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

sphincter that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

66
Q

Pancreas

A

Lies behind the stomach

Both an endocrine and exocrine gland

It’s in the crane function centres on pancreatic isolate that secrete insulin and glucagon

Most of the pancreas consists of exocrine tissue

67
Q

Acinar cells

A

Secrete digestive enzymes in an in active form once activated the enzymes help break down lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

68
Q

Small intestine

A

Where most chemical digestion and most nutrient absorption occurs

Consists of three divisions: the duodenum, the jejunum and ilium

69
Q

The duodenum

A

the first 10 inches of small intestine it begins at the pyloric valve and ends as the intestine turns abruptly downward

Receives chyme from the stomach as well as pancreatic juice and bile

This is where stomach acid is neutralized and pancreatic enzymes begin the task of chemical digestion

70
Q

The jejunum

A

constitutes the next 8 feet of the small intestine it has many large closely spaced folds and millions of microscopic projections which gives it an enormous surface area

Ideal location for nutrient absorption

The wall is thick and muscular with a rich blood supply

71
Q

The ileum

A

the last 12 feet of intestine the wall is thinner and has less blood supply

Peyer’s patches: cluster of lymphatic nodules that are scattered throughout

72
Q

Circular folds

A

contained in the intestinal lining and slows the progress of time and increase its contact with mucosa

73
Q

Lacteal

A

an arteriole, a venule and a lymph vessel that fill the core of each villus

Covering the villi are absorptive epithelial cells as well as mucous secreting goblet cells

The mucus after being secreted by the goblet cells expands to create a dense layer attached to the epithelium that is impenetrable to bacteria

74
Q

Intestinal crypts

A

pores at the base of the villi that contain goblet cells that secrete mucus that helps the passage of food

Serve as sites for rapid cellular growth producing new cells to replace those shed from villi

75
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates consist of sugars called saccharides

76
Q

Polysaccharide

A

contain many Saccharide groups linked together these include starches and glycogen

77
Q

Disaccharide:

A

contain two groups linked together these include sucrose lactose and Maltose

78
Q

Monosaccharide

A

contain only one saccharide group please include glucose, fructose and galactose

79
Q

how are polysaccharides broken into smaller particles (disaccharides and monosaccharides) by digestive enzymes

A
  1. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth were salivary gland secretes the enzyme amylase
    - –Salivary amylase works to hydrolyze polysaccharides into disaccharides
  2. What is the food is swallowed a low pH of stomach acid in activates the salivary amylase
    - –By this point about 50% of the starch has already been digested
  3. When the resultant chyme reaches the small intestine it mixes with pancreatic amylase and the process of starch digestion resumes
  4. The final steps take place at the level of the villi
    —The membranes of the epithelial cells covering the villi contain enzymes sucrase, lactase and maltase
    —As the chyme slides against the brush border of the epithelial cells the enzymes bind with the disaccharides
    The final step produces glucose which is immediately absorbed
80
Q

Protein

A

Complex molecules consisting of folded and twisted chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

81
Q

how break down of protein works

A
  1. The stomach, the enzyme pepsin hydrolyzes the peptide bonds between certain amino acids
  2. As soon as the chyme enters the duodenum pepsin is an activated
    - –At that point the pancreatic enzymes tryspin and chymotrypsin assume the task of breaking the peptide bonds
  3. Finally brush border enzymes called peptidases Break the remaining chains into individual amino acids which are then absorbed into the bloodstream
82
Q

Fats

A

Fat digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of the enzyme lipase

Most fat digestion however occurs in the small intestine

To facilitate digestion the fat must be broken into smaller droplets a process called emulsification

83
Q

Large intestine

A

Once the food has been processed and its nutrients absorbed the remaining residue is ready to leave the small intestine for the large intestine

The large intestine absorbs large amounts of water from residue before passing the resulting waste material faeces out of the body

All along the colon are Pouches call haustra which result from the increased tone of the smooth muscle of muscularis layer

84
Q

how the large intestine works

A
  1. The large intestine begins in a blind pouch called the cecum
    - –Attached to the lower end of the cecum is the appendix which contains masses of lymphoid tissue and serves as a source for immune cells
    - –The point where the ileum meets the large intestine is the ileocecal valve which helps insure that material moves in a forward direction only
  2. The ascending colon extends up toward deliver the colon makes a sharp turn at the right colic (hepatic) flexure
  3. The transverse colon passes below the liver, stomach and spleen the colon turn sharply downward at the left colic (splenic) flexure
  4. The descending colon extends downward along the left side of the abdominal cavity
  5. Sigmoid colon forms and S shape down to the rectum
  6. The rectum is the last 7 to 8 inches of intestine
  7. Anal canal which makes up the last inch of the rectum opens to the exterior through the anus
    - –The anus contains two sphincters and internal sphincter composed of involuntary smooth muscle and an external sphincter composed of voluntary skeletal muscles
85
Q

Key digestive enzymes
- state enzyme (s) and substance digested

salivary glands

A

enzyme

  • Amylase
  • Lipase

substance digested

  • Starch
  • Fat
86
Q

Key digestive enzymes
- state enzyme (s) and substance digested

stomach

A

enzyme
-pepsin

substance digested
- protein

87
Q

Key digestive enzymes
- state enzyme (s) and substance digested

pancreas

A

enzyme

  • Proteases (tryspin, chymotrypsin)
  • Lipase
  • Amylase

substance digested

  • Protein
  • Fats
  • Starch
88
Q

Intestine

A

enzyme

  • Peptidases
  • Sucrase
  • Lactase
  • Maltase

Peptides

  • Sucrose (cane sugar)
  • Lactose (milk sugar)
  • Maltose (malt sugar)

APHY 165 (12 decks)

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