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APHY 165 > AnP Chapter 7 (LO7) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 7 (LO7) Flashcards

1
Q

Strength of bone is similar to…

As strong as —- and as light as ——

makes up –% of body weight

— bones in adult body

A

Strength of bone is similar to reinforced concrete

As strong as steel and as light as aluminum

makes up 14% of body weight

206 bones in adult body

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2
Q

BONE FUNCTIONS

shape

support

protection

movement

A

Shape: bones give the body its structure

Support: bones of legs, pelvis and vertebral column support the body and hold it upright

Protection: bones protect delicate internal organs such as heart, lungs, brain and spinal cord

Movement: movement of the arms and legs as well as the ability to breathe results from the interaction between muscles and bones

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3
Q

BONE FUNCTIONS

Electrolyte balance

Blood production

Acid-base balance

A

Electrolyte balance: bones store and release minerals such as calcium and phosphorus necessary ingredients for a variety of chemical reactions throughout the body

Blood production: bones encase bone marrow, a major site of blood cell formation

Acid-base balance: bone absorbs and releases alkaline salts to help maintain a stable pH

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4
Q

LONG BONES

A

Very long axis, longer than they are wide

Ex) femur and humerus

Work like levers to move bones

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5
Q

SHORT BONES

A

As broad as they are long

Shaped like cubes

Ex) carpal bones and tarsal bones

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6
Q

FLAT BONES

A

Thin, flat, often curved to protect organs

Ex) skull, ribs and breastbone

Provide a large surface for muscle attachment

Ex) scapulae

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7
Q

IRREGULAR BONES

A

Often clustered in groups, various sizes/shapes

Ex) vertebral and facial bones

Sesamoid bone: small bones embedded in tendons

Ex) kneecap

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8
Q

Epiphysis

A

head of each end of a long bone

Bulbous structure strengthens the joint and allows an expanded area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments

Made of porous looking spongy bone

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9
Q

Diaphysis

A

central shaft-like portion of the bone

Central shaft like portion of the bone, hollow cylinder

Gives bone the strength to support a large amount of weight

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10
Q

Articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the surface of epiphysis
Eases the movement of the bone within a joint

Medullary cavity: central hollow portion

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11
Q

Endosteum

A

thin epithelial membrane that lines inside of the medullary cavity

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12
Q

Red bone marrow

A

medullary cavity is filled with blood cell-producing red bone marrow

In children

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13
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

bone marrow which is rich in fat

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14
Q

Periosteum

A

a dense fibrous membrane that covers diaphysis

Some fibers of the periosteum penetrate the bone ensuring that the membrane stays fully anchored

Other fibers weave together with the fibers of tendons which ensures a strong connection between muscle and bone

Contains bone forming cells and blood vessels

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15
Q

Epiphyseal plate/growth plate

A

in growing children a layer of cartilage

Separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis at the end of a long bone

Replaced with an epiphyseal line once growth stops

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16
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone and marrow

Usually the result of a bacterial infection

Bone infections are often difficult to treat and typically require prolonged intravenous antibiotics

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17
Q

Osseous tissue

A

type of connective tissue; consists of cells, fibers and extracellular material

Bone cells include osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes

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18
Q

Osteoblast

A

help form bone by secreting substances that comprise the bones matrix

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19
Q

Osteoclasts

A

dissolved unwanted or unhealthy bone

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20
Q

Osteocytes

A

are mature osteoblasts that have become entrapped in the hardened bone matrix

Dual role: some dissolved bone, others deposit new bone

Contribute to maintenance of bone density

Assists with the regulation of blood levels of calcium and phosphate

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21
Q

Matrix of bone

A

is hard and calcified because it contains collagen fibers and crystalline salts (calcium and phosphate)

22
Q

Tensile strength

A

collagen fibers in the matrix make bone highly resistant to stretching forces

Bone has significant tensile and compressional strength but lacks torsional strength

23
Q

Compressional strength

A

bone lacks the ability to endure twisting

Most bone fractures result when torsional forces are exerted

24
Q

Osteoporosis

A

a disease characterized by a loss of bone density

25
Q

Increased load on bone

A

osteocytes stimulate the creation of new bone

26
Q

FACTORS THAT AFFECT BONE GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE

A

Heredity: every individual inherits genes that determines his maximum height potential

Nutrition: children who are malnourished grow very slow and may not reach their full height-calcium, phosphorus and vitamins D,C and A necessary for bone growth

Hormones: hormones that contribute to bone growth include growth hormone, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, insulin, estrogen and testosterone

Exercise: without adequate physical stress (weight bearing exercise) bone destruction will outpace bone creation

27
Q

Spongy bone

A

light and porous

Found in the ends of long bones and middle of other bones

Always surrounded by the more durable compact bone

Also known as cancellous bone

28
Q

Trabeculae

A

latticework of bone

Adds strength without adding weight

Cavities between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow

Red bone marrow supplies spongy bone with blood and produces blood cells

29
Q

Compact bone

A

dense and solid

Density offers strength
Forms the shafts of long bones and outer surface of others

Consists of network of passageways containing nerves/blood vessels

Bone injuries heal quickly because bones are well supplied with oxygen and nutrients

30
Q

Lacunae

A

tiny gaps between rings of the lamellae

Contain osteocytes

31
Q

Canaliculi

A

microscopic passageways

Connect the lamellae to each other

32
Q

Volkmann’s canals

A

transverse passageways

Connect the haversian canals

Transport blood and nutrients from bone’s exterior to osteocytes locked inside

33
Q

BONE MARROW

A

Type of soft tissue that fills the medullary cavity of long bones

Fills spaces of spongy bone

34
Q

Red bone marrow

A

charged with producing red blood cells

Nearly all of child’s bones contain red bone marrow

in adults can be found only in ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis, upper parts of humerus and femur

35
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

gradually replaces red bone marrow

No longer produces blood cells because the cells are saturated with fat

In severe chronic blood loss or anemia it can change back into red marrow

36
Q

Ossifications

A

skeleton evolves into bone

37
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

ossification of fibrous connective tissue

Begins when groups of stem cells in the tissue differentiate into osteoblasts

Start out as fibrous connective tissue

Skull and face

38
Q

Centers for ossifications

A

ossification of fibrous connective tissue

Calcium salts are deposited and the bone is calcified

Not all bones are completely ossified at birth ex) rib cage

39
Q

Fontanels (soft spot)

A

allow for safe compression of fetus head during birth

Allows for skull to expand while brain grows

Age 2 skull is completely ossified

40
Q

Endochondral ossifications

A

cartilage turns to bone

Begins in long bones

After 3 months cartilage begins turning into bone

41
Q

Steps of process of Endochondral ossification

A
  1. Early life fetus
    Long bones are composed of cartilage and are models for development
  2. Osteoblasts start to replace the chondrocytes ( cartilage cells)
    - -Osteoblasts coat the diaphysis in a thin layer of bone
    - -Then create a ring of bone the encircles the diaphysis
    - -Cartilage begins to calcify
  3. Blood vessels then penetrate the cartilage
    - -Primarily ossification center develops in the middle of the diaphysis
  4. The bone marrow cavity fills with blood and stem cells
    - -Ossification continues from the diaphysis toward each epiphysis
    - -Bone grows in length
    - -Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphysis
42
Q

BONE WIDENING AND THICKENING

A

Continues throughout lifespan

Occurs when osteoblasts in periosteum lay new layers of bone outside of the bone

Osteoclasts on inner bone tissue work to dissolve bone tissue widening marrow cavity

43
Q

Epiphyseal fracture

A

epiphyseal plate can separate from the diaphysis or epiphysis when overstressed

This can affect future bone growth

44
Q

BONE LENGTHENING

A

Occurs at epiphyseal plate

Chondrocytes continue to multiply on epiphyseal side of the cartilage plate

These cells move towards diaphysis

Minerals are deposited and the cartilage becomes calcified

Bone continues to lengthen as long as chondrocytes are produced in epiphyseal plate

Between age 16 and 25 all cartilage is replaced with spongy bone

When this happens bone lengthening stops and the epiphyses have “closed”

45
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

layer of hyaline cartilage at end of each bone

46
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

remaining line of spongy bone

47
Q

bone remodelling:

  • Resorption
  • Ossification
  • Remodeling
  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteoblasts
A

Resorption: bone cells destroying old bone

Ossification: depositing new cells

Remodeling: resorption and ossification

Osteoclasts remove matrix and reduce the mass of little used bones

Osteoblasts deposit new bone tissue on the body’s surface, thickening heavily used bone

48
Q

Fracture

Closed reduction

Open reduction

A

Fracture: a break in a bone

Closed reduction: broken bones can be manipulated into their original position without surgery

Open reduction: surgery is needed to reposition the bones with screws/pins/plates

49
Q

types of fractures

  • simple
  • compund
  • greenstick
  • comminuted
  • spiral
  • pathologic
A

Simple: bone dose not pierce the skin

Compound: bone pierces the skin

  • -Damage to surrounding tissue, nerves and blood vessels may be extensive
  • -Because of broken skin, increased risk for infection

Greenstick: the fracture is incomplete

  • -Typically in young children because of soft/flexible bones
  • -Bone splinters rather than breaks completely

Comminuted: bone breaks into pieces (usually from high impact trauma)

Spiral: fracture line spirals around bone (twisted force)

Pathologic: fracture in a diseased/weakened bone from force that wouldn’t fracture a healthy bone

50
Q

FRACTURE REPAIR steps

A
  1. When fracture occurs, blood vessels are torn resulting in a hematoma (clot)
    - -Hematoma transforms into a soft mass of granulation tissue containing inflammatory cells and bone forming cells aid in the healing process
  2. Collagen and fibrocartilage are deposited in the granulation tissue transforming it into a soft callus
  3. Bone forming cells produce a bony/hand callus around fracture
    - -Splits the two bone ends together as healing continues
  4. Remodeling eventually replaces the callus tissue with bone

APHY 165 (12 decks)

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