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APHY 165 > AnP Chapter 13 (LO2) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 13 (LO2) Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System

A

Consists of glands and clusters of hormone secreting cells in various organs including the brain, heart and small intestines

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2
Q

Hormones

A

chemicals that influence almost every cell and organ in the body

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3
Q

The endocrine system communicates through —– acting hormones placing it in charge of processes that happen more —– such as —-

A

The endocrine system communicates through slower acting hormones placing it in charge of processes that happen more slowly such as growth

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4
Q

Endocrine glands

Exocrine glands

A

Endocrine glands: ductless and secrete hormones directly into the blood

Exocrine glands: secrete to surface

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5
Q

Target cells

A

cells having receptors for that hormone

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6
Q

Specificity

A

a hormone that acts only on cells with recpetors specific to that hormone

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7
Q

Comparison of the endocrine and nervous systems

A

Endocrine system
Employs hormones to relay messages

Distributes hormones throughout the body via the bloodstream

Responds slowly to stimuli

Exerts long lasting effects

Adapts slowly to continual stimulation

Nervous system
Employs neurotransmitters to relay messages

Secretes neurotransmitters into tiny space of a synapse

Responds to stimuli quickly

Exerts short lived effects

Adapts quickly to continual stimulation

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8
Q

Pituitary gland

A

exerts more influence on body processes than any other endocrine gland

pea sized and sits under hypothalamus cradled the sella turica

Pituitary gland is 2 distinct glands: anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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9
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

larger, consists of glandular tissue

Synthesizes and secretes a number of very important hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus

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10
Q

Releasing hormones

Inhibiting hormones

A

Releasing hormones: stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete its hormones

Inhibiting hormones: suppress hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary

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11
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

a system of blood vessels that the neurons of the hypothalamus release their hormones into

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12
Q

Tropic (trophic):

A

hormones stimulate other endocrine cells to release their hormones

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13
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone

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14
Q

Growth hormone (somatotropin)

A

acts on the entire body to promote protein synthesis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and bone and skeletal muscle growth

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15
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production in the mammary glands in females

In males it may make the testes more sensitive to LH

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16
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

a gonadotropin stimulates ovulation and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in females and the secretion of testosterone by the testes in males

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17
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids

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18
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

one of the gonadotropins-stimulate the production of eggs in the ovaries of females and sperm in the testes of males

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19
Q

Acromegaly

A

when the epiphyseal plates have already fused when the hypersecretion occurs cartilage will form new bone causing hands, feet, face and jaw to enlarge

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20
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

promotes secretion of FSH and LH

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21
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A

promotes secretion of TSH

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22
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

A

promotes secretion of ACTH

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23
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone

A

promotes secretion of prolactin

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24
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

A

inhibits secretion of prolactin

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25
Q

Growth hormone- releasing hormone

A

promotes secretion of GH

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26
Q

Somatostatin

A

inhibits secretion of GH and TSH

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27
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Made of neural tissue

Stores hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus

Hormones stored by the posterior pituitary are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)

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28
Q

Posterior pituitary How it works

A

The nerve fibers form the posterior pituitary originate in the hypothalamus

They hypothalamic neurons synthesize hormones which send down to the posterior pituitary to be stored

The posterior pituitary holds the hormones until stimulated by the nervous system to release them

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29
Q

Oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth

It also triggers the release of milk from the breasts during lactation

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30
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

acts on the kidneys to reduce urine volume and prevent dehydration

Also called vasopressin

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31
Q

Hormone: GH: growth hormone (somatotropin)

  • -target
  • -principal effects
A

target
Throughout body including liver, bone, muscle and fat

principle effects
Growth and repair through the breakdown of proteins and fats

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32
Q

Hormone: PRL: Prolactin

  • -target
  • -principal effects
A

target
Mammary glands

effects
Milk secretion

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33
Q

Hormone: TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone

  • -target
  • -principal effects
A

target
Thyroid gland

effects
Growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormone

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34
Q

Hormone: ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone

  • -target
  • -principal effects
A

target
Adrenal cortex

effects
Growth of and secretion of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex

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35
Q

Hormone: FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone

  • -target
  • -principal effects
A

target
Ovaries; testes

effects
Female: growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen
Male: sperm production

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36
Q

Hormone: LH: luteinizing hormone

  • -target
  • -principal effects
A

target
Ovaries; testes

effects
Female: ovulation; maintenance of corpus luteum
Male: secretion of testosterone

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37
Q

Hormone:ADH: antidiuretic hormone

  • -target
  • -principal effects
A

target
Kidneys

effects
Water retention

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38
Q

Hormone:OT: oxytocin

  • -target
  • -principal effects
A

target
Uterus; mammary glands

effect
Stimulation of uterine contractions; stimulation of release of milk into ducts of mammary glands

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39
Q

anterior pituitary hormones include

A

GH: growth hormone (somatotropin)

PRL: Prolactin

TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone

ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone

FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone

LH: luteinizing hormone

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40
Q

posterior pituitary hormones include

A

ADH: antidiuretic hormone

OT: oxytocin

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41
Q

Control of Pituitary Secretions

A

Releases hormones in phases or pulses

Central nervous system plays a role in controlling hormone secretion

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42
Q

Control of pituitary secretions by negative feedback

A

when the pituitary gland stimulates another endocrine gland ti secrete its hormone that hormone is then fed back to the pituitary telling it to stop further release of the tropic hormone

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43
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Produces melatonin

Tucked in the center of the brain on the roof of the brains third ventricle is the tiny, cone shaped pineal gland

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44
Q

Thymus

A

Secretes thymosin and thymopoietin which have roles in the immune system

Lies in the mediastinum just beneath the sternum

In children thymus gland Is large

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45
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Largest endocrine gland

Consists of two large lobes

Resides in the neck, just below the trachea where it is wrapped around the anterior and lateral portions of the trachea

can store hormones for later use

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46
Q

Isthmus

A

narrow band of tissue that connects the two lobes of thyroid gland

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47
Q

Thyroid follicles

A

tiny sacs that make up thyroid tissue

48
Q

Thyroid colloid

A

thick fluid that fills each thyroid follicle

49
Q

Sacs secrete 2 thyroid hormones

A

T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)

50
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

cells between the thyroid follicles that secrete the hormone calcitonin

51
Q

Calcitonin

A

secreted when calcium levels rise, it triggers the deposition of calcium in bone thus promoting bone formation

52
Q

Cretinism

A

condition characterized by retarded growth and sexual development, a low metabolic rate and mental retardation

53
Q

Myxedema

A

swelling and firmness of the skin

54
Q

Grave’s disease

A

results from a hypersecretion of TH that stimulates the bodys metabolism causing unexplained weight loss, increased heart rate, nervousness and exophthalmos

55
Q

Exophthalmos

A

a protrusion of the eyeballs as a result of swelling of tissue behind the eye

56
Q

Simple goiter

A

dietary deficiency of iodine

57
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

4 parathyroid glands located on the posterior surface of thyroid

58
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

secreted in response to low blood levels of calcium

Nerve and muscle function, blood clotting, cell membrane permeability, and the function of certain enzymes all depend on adequate calcium levels

59
Q

PTH influence on bone

A

PTH inhibits new bone formation while stimulating the breakdown of old bone causing calcium to move out of bone and into the blood

60
Q

PTH influence on kidney

A

PTH encourages the kidneys to reabsorb calcium while promoting the secretion of phosphate

Also prompts the kidneys to activate vitamin D necessary for intestinal absorption of calcium

61
Q

PTH influence on intestines

A

after activation by the kidneys, vitamin D allows the intestines to absorb calcium from food; the calcium is transported through intestinal cells and into the blood

62
Q

Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels

–Blood calcium excess

A

Blood calcium excess

Thyroid releases calcitonin

Calcium moves from blood to bone

Blood calcium levels decrease

Normal blood calcium levels

63
Q

Regulation of Blood Calcium Levels

–Blood calcium deficiency

A

Blood calcium deficiency

Parathyroid releases PTH

Calcium moves from bones, kidneys, and intestines to blood

Blood calcium levels increase

Normal blood calcium levels

64
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

where its found
function

A

Most tissues

Increases rate of metabolism

65
Q

Calcitonin

where its found
function

A

Bone

Increases deposition of calcium in bones lowering blood calcium levels

66
Q

parathyroid hormone

where its found
function

A

Bone, kidneys

Increases blood calcium levels by increasing removal of calcium from bone reducing urinary excretion of calcium and increasing absorption of calcium by the intestines

67
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Perch on top of each kidney

Two distinct glands: adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

68
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

the inner portion, consists of modified neurons and functions as part of the sympathetic nervous system

69
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

outer portion, 3 layers of glandular tissue and secretes corticosteroids

70
Q

Corticosteroids

A

steroid hormones

71
Q

Chromaffin cells

A

modified neurons that act as part of the sympathetic nervous system and secrete catecholamines

72
Q

Catecholamines

A

prepare the body for physical activity by increasing heart rate and blood pressure

73
Q

Adrenal medulla Boost glucose levels by:

A

Glycogenolysis: breaking down glycogen into glucose

Gluconeogenesis: converting fatty acids and amino acids into glucose

74
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex

secretes glucocorticoids

75
Q

Zona reticularis

A

the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex

secretes sex steroids

76
Q

3 classes of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids:
Glucocorticoids:
Sex steroids

77
Q

Mineralocorticoids:

A

aldosterone

78
Q

aldosterone

A

the principal mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to promote sodium retention and potassium excretion

In turn it also causes water retention

79
Q

Glucocorticoids:

A

Cortisol:

80
Q

Cortisol:

A

the principal glucocorticoids

Help the body adapt to stress and repair damaged tissue by stimulating the breakdown of fat and protein, converting fat and protein to glucose, and releasing fatty acids and glucose into blood

They have an anti inflammatory effect

They also suppress the immune system if secreted over a long term

Essential for maintaining a normal blood pressure

81
Q

Sex steroids

A

Include a weak form of Androgen that is converted to the more potent androgen testosterone

Also includes small amounts of estrogen

82
Q

Androgen

A

stimulate development of pubic and axillary hair and sustain sex drive in both sexes

83
Q

hormone of adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

84
Q

hormones of the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone

Cortisol

Adrenal androgens

Adrenal estrogens

85
Q

hormone: epinephrine/norepinephrine

  • -target
  • -principal effect
A

Most tissues

Enhances the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

86
Q

hormone: Aldosterone

  • -target
  • -principal effect
A

target
Kidney

effects
Promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion which leads to water retention

87
Q

hormone: Cortisol

  • -target
  • -principal effect
A

target
Most tissues

effects
Stimulates the breakdown of fat and protein and the conversion of fat and protein to glucose; enhances tissue repair; anti inflammatory; in large amounts, inhibits the immune system

88
Q

hormone: Adrenal androgens

  • -target
  • -principal effect
A

target
Sex organs

effects
Promotes growth of pubic and axillary hair; sex drive

89
Q

hormone: Adrenal estrogens

  • -target
  • -principal effect
A

target
Sex organs

effects
Physiologically insignificant

90
Q

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis

A

The amygdala signals the hypothalamus to activate the sympathetic nervous system and fight or flight response when a stressful event occurs

After 10 secs the initial surge of epinephrine begins to subside, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) axis is stimulated to help the body continue to cope

91
Q

How it works Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis

A

When stress continues the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

CRH promotes the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

ACTH travels to the adrenal cortex causing adrenal glands to secrete the glucocorticoid cortisol

Cortisol causing physiological changes design to give the body a burt of energy

92
Q

Pancreas

A

Contains both endocrine and exocrine tissues

Majority acts like an exocrine gland

Lies just behind the stomach with its head tucked in the curve of the beginning of the small intestine and its tail reaching to the spleen

93
Q

Acini

A

exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes into ducts that drain into the small intestine

94
Q

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans):

A

clusters of endocrine cells

Contain several different types of cells the main ones being alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells

95
Q

Alpha cells

A

Secrete glucagon

Gluconeogenesis between meals

96
Q

Beta cells

A

Secrete the hormone insulin

After eating levels of glucose and amino acids in blood rise

97
Q

Insulin

A

stimulates cells to absorb both of these nutrients from food causing blood glucose levels to fall

98
Q

Delta cells

A

Secrete somatostatin

Inhibits release of glucagon, insulin and growth hormone

99
Q

Somatostatin

A

A hormone that works within the pancreas to regulate the other endocrine cells

100
Q

Regulation of Blood Glucose

A

Insulin and glucagon have opposite effects on levels of blood glucose which helps maintain blood glucose levels within normal range

101
Q

how Regulation of Blood Glucose works

A
  1. After eating blood glucose levels rise as glucose flows from the digestive tract into the bloodstream
  2. High glucose levels stimulate beta cells of the pancreas to secrete insulin
  3. Insulin triggers two reactions:
    - –It stimulates the cells to take up more glucose
    - –It cause the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen
    - –The combined result is that glucose levels return to normal levels
  4. When blood glucose levels drop below a certain point the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon into the blood
  5. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose which it then releases into the bloodstream
    - –This causes the blood glucose level to rise
102
Q

Diabetes

A

Results from an inadequate amount of insulin or from a diminished number of normal insulin receptors

103
Q

Glycosuria

A

when excess glucose spills over into the urine

104
Q

Polydipsia

A

kidneys produce more urine to flush out extra glucose

105
Q

Polyphagia

A

people with untreated diabetes also experience continuous hunger

If left untreated the body begins to burn protein and fat for energy

106
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fruity odor of the breath and possibly coma and death

107
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

Average age at onset

Rate of onset

Percent of all diabetes

cause

Contributing factors

Treatment

Former name

A

Before age 30

Rapid

10%

Autoimmune condition in which the bodys antibodies attack the beta cells of thee pancreatic islets resulting in a deficiency of insulin

May be hereditary

Daily supplemental insulin, which may be administered by injection or via pump inserted under the skin in the abdomen

Juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

108
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

Average age at onset

Rate of onset

Percent of all diabetes

cause

Contributing factors

Treatment

Former name

A

Usually after age 40

Gradual

90%

Cells become resistant to insulin in time the body stops producing enough insulin and the body can no longer use glucose effectively

Heredity combined with excess body weight. And sedentary lifestyle

Lifestyle change may control disease if not oral diabetic medications or insulin injections may be used

Maturity-onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

109
Q

hormone: glucagon

  • target
  • principal effects
A

target
-Primarily liver

effects
-Stimulates the break down of the stored form of glucose for release into the bloodstream

110
Q

hormone: insulin

  • target
  • principal effects
A

target
-Most tissues

effects
-Stimulates the movement of glucose from the bloodstream into cells

111
Q

hormone: Somatostatin

  • target
  • principal effects
A

target
-Pancreatic cells

effects
-Mainly helps regulate the secretion of other hormones of the pancreas

112
Q

Gonads

A

Primary sex organs: Testes in males ovaries in females

Produce sex hormones

113
Q

Estrogen

A

promotes the development of female characteristics and also contributes to the development of the reproductive system

114
Q

Progesterone

A

helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy

secreted by the corpus luteum after ovulation

115
Q

Certain cells in the body secrete other chemicals that help regulate function
Most significant is…

A

prostaglandins

116
Q

prostaglandins

A

Made by cells throughout the body

Lipid molecules that integrate the activities of other cells

Released within the tissue where they are produced

Instead of influencing activities in distant organs prostaglandins influence activities of neighboring cells

Promote pain and fever, others act as vasodilators and vasoconstrictors

Involved in inflammation, blood clotting, uterine contraction, reproduction and digestion

APHY 165 (12 decks)

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