AnP Chapter 23 (LO4) Flashcards
Primary sex organs
house sex cells
Gonads
Testes in males
Ovaries in females
Gametes:
sex cells
Sperm in males
Eggs in females
Secondary sex organs
Encompass all other organs necessary for reproduction
Males: ducts, glands and penis
Females: secondary sex organs are concerned with providing a location for the egg and sperm
Testes
Inside the scrotum
The organs that generate sperm and secrete testosterone
Spermatic cord
a strand of connective tissue and muscle that contains the sperm duct, blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
The cremaster muscle
surrounds the spermatic cord and testes and contracts in cold weather
Median septum
divides the scrotum isolating each testicle
Spermatic ducts how they work
- A network of vessels called the rete testis leads away from the seminiferous tubules; they provide a place for sperm to partially mature
- Efferent ducles conduct immature sperm from the testes to the epididymis
- Sperm pass into the epididymis which is attached to the posterior side of the testis
- –Sperm move from the head of the epididymis to the tail maturing as they go then are stored in the tail where they remain fertile for 40 to 60 days - Sperm leave the tale of the epididymis and pass to the vas deferens
- The vast deferens travels up the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal and into the pelvic cavity then loops over the ureter and descends along the posterior bladder wall
- As the vas deferens turns downward it widens into an ambulance and ends by joining the seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct which pass through the prostate and empty into the urethra
Tubules
Continuously generates sperm
Several layers of cells line the walls of the tubules each layer containing germ cells in the process of becoming sperm
Seminiferous tubules
tiny tubes in which sperm are produced
Germ cells
is a cell that gives rise to gametes
Sertoli cells
promote the development of sperm by supplying nutrients, removing waste and secreting the hormone inhibin which plays a role in the maturation and release of sperm
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
lie between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone
Accessory glands of male
Three sets of accessory glands the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands
Seminal vesicle
located at the base of the bladder a para glands which secretes a thick yellowish fluid into the ejaculatory duct
The fluid contains fructose as well as other substances that nourish and ensure sperm mobility
Prostate gland
sits just below the bladder where it in circles both the urethra and ejaculatory duct it secretes a thin, milky alkaline fluid into the urethra enhance a sperm mobility
Bulbourethral glands (cowper’s glands)
(2 pea shaped) secrets clear fluid into the penile portion of the urethra during sexual arousal it is a lubricant and neutralizes the acidity of residual urine in the urethra which would harm the sperm
Glans penis
the slightly bulging head
Prepuce
the loose skin covering the penis forming a cuff
Smegma
a waxy substance secreted by sebaceous glands in the prepuce in foreskin
Interior of the penis
Three cylinders of erectile tissue fill the shaft of the penis
Corpus cavernosa; the two larger cylinders of tissue
Corpus spongiosum: smaller cylinder of tissue that encircles the urethra
Spermatogenesis steps
- Sperm begin as spermatogonia: primitive sex cells with 46 chromosomes located in the walls of the semineferous tubules
- Spermatognia divide by mitosis to produce two daughter cells each with 46 chromosomes
- These cells differenciate into slighlty larger cells called primary spermaocytes which move toward the lumen of the smeiniferous tubule
- Through meiosis the primary spermocyte yields 2 genetically unique secondary spermatocytes each with 23 chromosomes
- Each secondary spermatocyte divides again to form two spermatids
- Spermatids differentiate to form heads and tails and eventually transform into mature spermatozoa each with 23 chromosomes
Spermatoza
Mature sperm consist of the head, a middle piece and a long whip like tail
The head contains nucleus which is packed with genetic material
—Acrozome: tops head of sperm it contains enzymes that help spem penetrate the egg during fertalization
The middle piece: contains numerous mitochondria that supply the sperm with the energy it needs to migrate up the female reproductive tract
The tail: a flagellum that whip like movements propel it
Semen 2 key qualities
Two key qualities include the stickiness and its alkalinity
The alkalinity of the semen counteracts the acidity of the vagina this is important because sperm become immobile in an acidic environment
Male sexual response
Excitement
Platue
Orgasm
Resolution
Primary reproductive organs of
The accessory organs of female
Primary reproductive organs are the ovaries which are the female gametes
The accessory organs include the flow be in tubes, uterus and vagina
Ovaries
Every ovary contains thousands of ovarian follicles that consist of immature or eggs or oocyte, surrounded by follicular cells
The follicles evolve during the fetal. And undergo my ptotic division in the first phase of meiosis and as they develop they migrate toward the surface of the ovary
Graafian follicle: fluid filled blister
Fallopian tubes
about 4 inches long and extend from the ovary to the uterus
isthmus
the portion of the fallopian tubes closest to the uterus
ampulla
middle portion of the tube usual side of egg fertilization Cilia line the inside
infundibulum
the distal funnel shaped end of the fallopian tube
fimbriae
finger like projections fan over the ovary because the floating tube does not attach directly to the overhang
uterus
Muscular chamber that houses in New Jersey growing embryo it sits between the urinary bladder in the rectum held in place by ligament
Fundus
the curved upper portion of the uterus
The central region of the uterus is the
body
Cervix
the inferior end of the uterus
Cervical canal
the passageway through the cervix links the uterus to the vagina
Vagina
Muscular tube about 3 inches services receptacle for the penis and sperm, a route for the discharge of menstrual blood and the passageway for the birth of a baby
Vaginal rugae
ridges in the lower end that help stimulate the penis during intercourse and allows for expansion during childbirth
The wall of the uterus has two key roles:
housing in nursing a growing foetus and expelling the foetus from the body during delivery
Perimetrium
the outer layer of uterus and is a serous membrane
Myometrium
the middle layer of uterus consists of smooth muscle that contracts during labour to expel the foetus from the uterus
Endometrium
innermost layer of uterus where embryo attaches
Stratum functionalis
upper 2/3 portion thickens each month in anticipation of receiving fertilized egg
Stratum basalis
attaches the endometrium to the Myometrium it helps the functionalis layer regenerate each month
Vulva
Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris an accessory glands
Mons pubis
is a mound of hair covered at a post tissue overlying the symphysis pubis
Prepuce
the hood of tissue over clitoris
Lesser vestibular glands (skene’s glands)
a pair of mucous glands that open into the vestibule you’re the urinary meatus providing lubrication
Greater vestibular glands (bartholin’s glands)
two pea sized glands that sit on either side of the vaginal opening secrete stuff to keep the vulva moist and provide lubrication
Labium majus
is one of two thick folds of skin and adipose tissue hair grows on the lateral surfaces
Labium minus
is a thinner hairless fold of skin just inside each labium Majus
Vestibule
the area inside the labia that contains the urethral in vaginal openings
Breasts
Each breast contains 15 to 20 lobules separated by fibrous tissue and adipose station
Acini: clusters of tiny saclike things that secrete milk during lactation
The ovarian cycle
Females ovaries contain about 2 million eggs at birth
Many degenerate during childhood by time purity arrives only 400,000 remain
Oogenesis
the process in which a mature ovum is formed
Last days of menstruation
Low levels of estrogen and progesterone stimulate the hypothalamus to release GnRH
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
Follicular phase
FSH trigger several of the follicles in the ovary to resume development beginning what is known as
the follicular phase
Usually only one follicle will make it to maturity as the follicle develops it secretes estrogen as well as small amounts of progesterone
As the follicle matures in migrates to the surface of the ovary the mature follicle is called Graafian follicle
In the midpoint of the cycle estrogen levels peak triggering a spike in LH
Ovulation
The sudden spike in LH causes the follicle to rupture and release the ovum
The frimbiae of the flow be in tubes sweep across the top of the overdue to catch the emerging oocyte
Luteal phase
Meanwhile the remains of the follicle remain on the ovary inform the corpus luteum which marks the beginning of the luteal phase
The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and small amounts of estrogen
The progesterone causes the endometrium to continue to thicken and become more vascular preparing it for pregnancy
High levels of progesterone and estrogen also inhibits the pituitary from producing FSH and LH so no other follicles develop
Fertilization doesn’t occurred the corpus luteum degenerates into an active scar tissue called corpus albicans
The menstrual cycle
The hormones estrogen and progesterone drive the menstrual cycle
The cycle involves the build up of the endometrium followed by its breakdown and discharge
there are four phases the menstrual phase, proliferate phase, secretory phase and premenstrual phase
Phases of the menstrual cycle
Menstrual
1-5
Proliferative`
6 to 14
Secretory
15 to 26
Premenstrual
26 to 28
what happens in the menstrual phase
First aid noticeable vaginal bleeding
Last 3 to 5 days and occurs as the endometrium sheds
what happens in the proliferative phase
When menstruation ceases only the base layer remains in the uterus
About DAY6 rising levels of estrogen stimulate the repair of the basal layer as well as the growth of blood vessels
During this stage the endometrium thickens about 2 to 3 mm
what happens in the secretory phase
After ovulation increase progesterone from the corpus leutem causes functional air to thicken even more
During this phase the endometrium develops into nutrients bed about 5 to 6 mm thick
what happens in the premenstrual phase
If fertilization doesn’t occur the corpus luteum atrophies and progesterone levels plummet
Blood vessels nourishing the endometrium spasm interrupting blood flow
The endometrium becomes ischemic and necrotic causing it to slough off the uterine wall
Menstruation
estrogen and progesterone levels plummet causing the endometrium to slough off resulting in ministration
With the decline in ovarian hormones the pituitary gland is no longer inhibited
FSH levels begin to rise a new cycle begins
