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APHY 165 > AnP Chapter 20 (LO3) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 20 (LO3) Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

Most of the bodies water about 65% resides in the cells

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2
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

the remaining 35% of the bodies water resides outside cells

Includes interstitial fluid as well as the fluid within vessels as blood plasma and lymph

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

the fluid between the cells inside tissues

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4
Q

Transcellular fluid

A

various other extra cellular fluid such as cerebral spinal fluid, synovial fluid in the joints, vitreous and aqueous humor of the eye and digestive secretions

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5
Q

Fluid deficiency

A

Occurs when output exceeds intake over a period of time

Two types of flu deficiency volume depletion (hypovolemia) and dehydration

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6
Q

Volume depletion

A

results from blood loss or when both sodium and water or loss such as from diarrhea

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7
Q

Dehydration

A

results when the body eliminates more water than sodium and results from consuming an adequate amount of water to cover the amount of water loss

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8
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

circulatory collapse as a result of loss of blood volume

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9
Q

Fluid Excess

A

The kidneys usually compensate for excessive fluid intake by producing more year consequently fluid excess occurs less commonly than fluid deficit

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10
Q

causes of fluid excess

A

One cause of fluid excess is renal failure

Another type of fluid excess is called water intoxication which can occur if someone consumes an excessive amount of water or if someone replaces heavy losses of water and sodium with just water
–When this occurs the amount of sodium drops water moves into the cells causing them to swell

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11
Q

Fluid Accumulation

A

type of water imbalance involves the accumulation of fluid within a body compartment example: edema

Typically affects the lungs, brain and dependent areas such as legs

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12
Q

Electrolytes

A

are substances that break up into electrically charged particles called ions when dissolved in water 

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13
Q

Electrolyte Balance 

A

A balance of electrolytes is crucial for the body to function properly because electrolytes drive chemical reactions, affect distribution of the body’s water content and determine a cells electrical potential 

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14
Q

The major cations of the body are

A

sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen 

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15
Q

The major anions are

A

chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphates 

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16
Q

Sodium

A

The main electrolyte in the extra cellular fluid accounting for 90% of its osmolarity

Determines the volume of total body water and influences how body water is distributed between fluid compartments

Plays a role in depolarization making it crucial for proper nerve and muscle function
Sodium levels are primarily regulated by aldosterone and ADH

Aldosterone adjust the excretion of sodium where a DH adjust the excretion of water

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17
Q

sodium osmolarity How it works (water excess)

A

Decreased serum Na+ (water excess)

Serum osmolarity decreases

Aldosterone prompts renal tubules to reabsorb sodium

ADH release is suppressed causing the kidneys to secrete more water

Reabsorption of sodium combined with secretion of water causes serum sodium levels to rise

Serum osmolarity normalizes

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18
Q

sodium osmolarity How it works (water deficit)

A

Increase serum sodium (water deficit)

Serum osmolarity increases

ADH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water

ADH stimulates thirst to promote water consumption

Increased renal absorption of water combined with

increased water intake causes serum sodium levels to fall

Serum osmolarity normalizes

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19
Q

Sodium imbalances

A

Sodium is the chief cat ion in extra cellular fluid

And balances and sodium affects total body water, the distribution of water between compartments and nerve and muscle function

20
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Hyponatremia refers to a plasma sodium concentration greater than 145 mEq/l

It usually indicates a water deficit

Other possible causes including excessive loss of body water such as from diarrhea or the use of certain types of diuretics

Hypernatremia usually self corrects because even a small rise in sodium triggers thirst

If uncorrected hypernatremia can cause edema, lethargy and weakness

21
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Hyponatremia: Refers to a plasma sodium concentration of less than 135 mEq/l

It usually results from an excess of body water such as when someone drinks on the water to replace heavy losses of sodium and water through perspiration

Hyponatremia is usually corrected by excretion of excess water

Uncorrected can result in pulmonary or cerebral oedema as fluid moves into cells

22
Q

Potassium

A

Potassium is the chief cat ion of intracellular fluid and works hand-in-hand with sodium

It is crucial for proper nerve and muscle function

Aldosterone regulate serum levels of potassium just as it does sodium

Rising potassium levels stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
–Aldosterone causes the kidneys to excrete potassium as they reabsorb sodium

23
Q

Potassium imbalances

A

Imbalances in potassium can develop suddenly or over a long period but either way can cause life-threatening arrhythmias

24
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Hyperkalemia: refers to a plasma concentration of potassium greater than 5.3
mEq/l

Levels greater than 6.2 are considered critical and require immediate intervention

It may develop suddenly after a crush injury or severe burn

It may also develop gradually from the use of potassium sparing diuretics or renal insufficiency

Hyperkalemia makes nerve and muscle cells irritable leading to potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias

25
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Hypokalemia: refers to a plasma concentration of potassium less than 3.6 mEq/l

Levels less than 2.5 are considered critical and requires immediate intervention

Often results from prolonged do use of potassium wasting diuretics

May also result from chronic vomiting or diarrhea

Hypokalemia causes potassium to move out of the cell into plasma making cells less excitable

Hypokalemia results in muscle weakness, depressed reflexes and cardiac arrythmias

26
Q

Calcium

A

plays a key role in muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting

Plasma calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone which affects intestinal absorption of calcium and enhances the release of calcium from bones

27
Q

Calcium imbalances

A

Calcium is a cation that exist mostly outside the cell

28
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Hypercalcemia: refers to a plasma concentration greater than 10.2 mg/dl

It may result from hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, or alkalosis

Hypercalcemia inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle cells leading to muscle weakness, depressed reflexes and cardiac arrhythmia

29
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Hypocalcemia: refers to a plasma concentration less than 8.2 mg/dl

It may result from hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, acidosis or diarrhea

Hyper calcium increases excitation of nerves and muscles leading to muscle spasms and tetany

30
Q

Chloride

A

Chloride the most abundant extracellular anion

strongly linked to sodium; as sodium is retained or excreted so is chloride; Chloride balance occurs along with sodium balance

Chloride contribute to the formation of stomach acid and helps regulate fluid balance and pH

31
Q

Phosphate

A

participates in carbohydrate metabolism, bone formation and acid base balancen

32
Q

Acid Base Balance

A

Most important factors influencing homeostasis is the body’s balance between acid and bases even slight deviations in pH can have a fatal consequence

Most enzymes used in the bodies metabolic reactions are very sensitive to pH

Electrolyte activity to can be profoundly affected by changes in pH

33
Q

Buffers

A

A Buffer is any mechanism that resist changes in pH by converting a strong acid or base into a week one

There are two categories of buffers: Chemical buffers and physiological buffers

34
Q

Chemical buffers

A

Chemical buffers use a chemical to bind hydrogen and remove it from solution when levels rise to high end to release hydrogen when levels fall

Three main chemical buffer systems are the bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system and the protein buffer system

35
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system

A

Main buffering system of extracellular fluid

Uses bicarbonate and carbonic acid

Reaction is reversible it proceeds to the right when the body needs to lower pH and proceeds to the left when pH needs to be raised

36
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system how it works

A

CO2+H20->H2CO3->H+HCO3
When carbon dioxide combines with water it forms carbonic acid—> carbonic acid disassociate into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate lowering pH

H + HCO3–>H2CO3–>CO2+H20
It’s more hydrogen ions are added to the system some of the added hydrogen ions will react with the bicarbonate ions to produce carbonic acid finding with bicarbonate removes the hydrogen ions from the solution and raisins PH–>the carbonic acid disassociate into carbon dioxide and water

CO2 + H20–>H2CO3–>H+HCO3
When more hydrogen ions are removed from the system more carbon dioxide will combine with water to produce more carbonic acid–> the carbonic acid will then disassociate producing more hydrogen and bicarbonate ions ‘

37
Q

Physiological buffers

A

Physiological buffers use the respiratory and urinary systems to alter the output of acids, bases or CO2 to stabilize pH

38
Q

Respiratory control of pH

A
  1. Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem detect a fall in pH resulting from an accumulation of CO2
  2. The central chemo receptor signal respire Tori centres to increase the rate and depth of breathing resulting in expulsion of CO2
  3. Because less CO2 is available to combine with water to form carbonic acid, the concentration of hydrogen ions falls and pH rises
39
Q

Death occurs when PH falls to less than – or rises to more than –

A

Death occurs when PH falls to less than 6.8 or rises to more than 8.0

40
Q

Renal control of pH

A

The renal system is the most powerful of all buffer systems

  1. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood enters into cells along the distal kidney tubules
  2. In the cell CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid
  3. The carbonic acid immediately disassociate to yield hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
    - –The hydrogen ions diffuse out of the cell and into the tubular fluid where they displace sodium
    - –The displaced sodium diffuses into the tubular cell where it combines with the bicarbonate to form sodium bicarbonate
  4. Sodium bicarbonate is then reabsorbed into the blood
  5. The end result is that hydrogen ions are excreted into the year in while sodium bicarbonate is reabsorbed into the blood both actions help raise plasma PH
41
Q

Respiratory imbalances

A

result from either an excess or deficiency of carbon dioxide

42
Q

Metabolic imbalances

A

results from an excess or deficiency of bicarbonate

43
Q

respiratory

Causes of acid gain (acidosis)
Causes of acid loss (alkalosis)

A

Causes of acid gain (acidosis)
-Retention of CO2 (hypoventilation)

Causes of acid loss (alkalosis)
-loss of carbon dioxide (hyperventilation)

44
Q

Metabolic

Causes of acid gain (acidosis)
Causes of acid loss (alkalosis)

A

Causes of acid gain (acidosis)

  • Increase production of acids
  • Consumption of acidic drugs
  • Inability of the kidneys to excrete hydrogen ions
  • Loss of bicarbonate

Causes of acid loss (alkalosis)

  • Loss of gastric juices
  • Excessive ingestion of bicarbonates
45
Q

Compensation for Acid Base Imbalances

A

The body uses the respiratory system to compensate for metabolic pH imbalance is in the kidneys to compensate for respiratory pH imbalances

46
Q

Respiratory compensation

A

Changing the rate of ventilation alerts the concentration of CO2 in the plasma and therefore alters pH

For imbalances with a metabolic caused the respiratory system is the quickest means of raising or lowering pH

If the pH is too low as in metabolic acidosis the respiratory center increases the rate of respirations which blows off CO2 and raises ph

In metabolic alkalosis the pH is too high breathing slow allows CO2 to accumulate and drops pH

47
Q

Renal compensation

A

Although the kidneys are the most effective regulators of pH they take hours or days to respond to an acid base in balance

The kidneys alter pH by adjusting the rate of hydrogen ion excretion

In response to acidosis the kidneys eliminate hydrogen and re-absorb more bicarbonate

In response to alkalosis the kidneys conserve hydrogen and excrete more bicarbonate

APHY 165 (12 decks)

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