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APHY 164 > AnP Chapter 5 (LO4) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 5 (LO4) Flashcards

1
Q

tissues

A

Group of similar cells that perform a common function

entire body including blood and bone is made of tissue

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2
Q

4 distinct groups of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular

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3
Q

functions of tissue

A

tissue holds together the body

provides the body with it’s shape

gives it the ability to move

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4
Q

TISSUE DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. once egg/sperm unite to form a single cell it begins to divide rapidly (all identical)
  2. cells organize into 3 layers
    - ectoderm (outer layer)
    - mesoderm (middle layer)
    - endoderm (inner layer)
  3. Cells continue to divide; each layer becoming distinct from other layer
  4. Differentiation: each layer gives rise to different type of tissue
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5
Q

Ectoderm

A

outer layer

gives rise to epidermis and nervous system

  • epidermis
  • nervous tissue
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6
Q

Endoderm

A

inner layer

produces mucous membrane of respiratory tract, thyroid gland, secretory parts of pancreas

  • Lung tissue
  • thyroid tissue
  • pancreatic tisssue
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7
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer

gives rise to connective and muscle tissue

  • cardiac muscle
  • skeletal muscle
  • bone
  • blood
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8
Q

Stem cells

A

differentiate into many different types of cells such as liver cells, skin cells or blood cells

200 types

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9
Q

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A

surface tissue

Continuous sheet of tightly packed cells

Covers body surface, lines body cavities/organs and forms certain glands

It’s top surface usually exposed to the environment

It’s bottom surface adheres to underlying connective tissue (basement membrane)

Too thin to contain blood vessels; depends on the connective tissue underneath to supply it oxygen and nutrients

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10
Q

key functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection

Absorption

Filtration

Secretion

Join with tight junctions and make it difficult for some substances to pass between cells

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11
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A

Classified by shape of the cells and # of layers

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12
Q

cell shapes

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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13
Q

cell layers

A

simple epithelia
-Every cell touches the basement membrane

Stratified epithelia
-Some stack on top of others and upper layers of cells don’t touch basement membranes

Glandular epithelium

  • exocrine glands
  • endocrine glands
  • goblet cells
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14
Q

Gland

A

a collection of epithelial cells that specializes in secretion of a particular substance

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15
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete their products (sweat, tears, gastric juices) into ducts

The ducts empty onto a body surface inside a body cavity

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16
Q

Endocrine glands

A

ductless glands; secrete products (hormones) into the blood

ex) adrenal glands secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood includes: pituitary, thyroid, ovaries

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17
Q

Goblet cells

A

modified cells containing secretory vesicles that produce large quantities of mucus

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18
Q

definition, function and locations: Simple squamous epithelium

A
  • consists of a single layer of flat, scale like cells
  • allows for ready diffusion or filtration because of thinness
  • Alveoli
  • lining of blood and lymphatic vessels
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19
Q

definition, function and locations: Simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • consists of a single layer of cube like cells
  • secretes and absorbs
  • ducts and tubules of many organs including kidneys
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20
Q

definition, function and locations: Simple columnar cells

A

-consists of a single layer of columnar cell

  • participates in absorption
  • secretes mucus by goblet cells

-lines intestines

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21
Q

definition, function and locations: Pseudostratified columnar

A

Pseudostratified columnar

  • consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells
  • cells of different heights with nuclei at different levels makes it appear stratified
  • protection
  • secretes mucous

-lines trachea large bronchi and nasal mucosa

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22
Q

stratified definition

A

several layers

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23
Q

definition, function and locations: stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • contains multiple cell layers (making it stronger than simple epithelia)
  • most wide spread epithelium in the body
  • resist abrasions and penetration by pathogens
  • some contain keratin (such as the epidermis) some do not (such as the mucous membrane)
  • epidermis of skin
  • esophagus
  • vagina
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24
Q

definition, function and locations: Transitional epithelium

A
  • consists of multiple layers
  • when stretched, cell layers decrease and cell shape changes from cuboidal to squamous
  • stretches to allow filling of urinary tract
  • urinary tract
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25
Q

connective tissue

A

Most widespread and most varied

Connects together and binds, supports and protects organs

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26
Q

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A 
Dense fibrous (ligaments) 
Adipose (fat) 
Bone 
Blood 
Areolar (under epithelial) 
Reticular (frame work of spleen) 
Cartilage (vertebral discs)
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27
Q

COMPONENTS OF CONNETIVE TISSUE

A

Extracellular matrix

Framework into which the cells of tissues are embedded

Consists of varying kinds/amounts of protein fibers and fluid (variation in composition that gives tissues it’s characteristics)

May be: gel-like, flexible, tough, fragile, brittle or liquid

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28
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

allows connective tissues to be diverse

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29
Q

3 TYPES OF FIBERS FOUND IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Collagenous fibers
Reticular fibers
elastic fibers

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30
Q

how are connective tissues classified

A

according to their structural characteristics

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31
Q

classifications of connective tissue

A

loose or dense

  • areolar tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • reticular tissue

Cartilage
Bone
Blood

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32
Q

FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Fibers may be loosely arranged or tightly packed

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33
Q

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Consists of closely packed collagen fibers

tendons

ligaments

34
Q

tendons

A

cord-like structures attaching muscle to bone

35
Q

Ligaments

A

cord like structures attaching bone to bone

36
Q

loose connective tissue

A

Most widely distributed of all tissues

Stretchable quality

Areolar, adipose, reticular

37
Q

AREOLAR TISSUE

A

-consists of collagen and elastin fibers in a soft, gel like matrix

  • connects many adjacent structures in the body
  • lies underneath almost all epithelial

-surrounds blood vessels, nerves, the esophagus and trachea

38
Q

ADIPOSE TISSUE

A
  • dominated by fat cells
  • forms supporting, protective pads around the kidneys and various other structures
  • acts as a storage depot for excess food
  • helps insulate the body to conserve body heat
39
Q

RETICULAR TISSUE

A
  • consists of a loose network of reticular fibers and cells

- forms the frame work of the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow

40
Q

CARTILAGE

A

Composed of cells called chondrocytes

Rubbery, flexible matrix

No blood vessels; receives nutrients and 02 by diffusion from surrounding connective tissue

When cartilage is damaged it heals very slowly or not heal at all

41
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE
FIBROCARTILAGE
ELASTIC CARTILAGE

42
Q

Osteocytes

A

bone cells

Composed of osteocytes embedded in matrix containing collagen fibers and mineral salt crystals (responsible for hardness of bone)

Form the skeletal body

Gives structure, protects internal organs, offer attachment point for muscle making movement possible

Matrix of bone serves as a storage site for calcium and some bones contain red bone marrow which produces new blood cells

Has a rich blood supply allowing bone to heal quickly after a fracture

43
Q

BLOOD

A

Exists as a fluid
Surrounded by plasma
Transports cells and dissolved substances from one part to another
Doesn’t contain any fibers

44
Q

TYPE LOCATION FUNCTION OF CONNECTIVE FIBER: areolar

A
  • beneath the epithelial
  • between muscles
  • surrounding blood vessels and nerves

-connects tissues and organs together (skin to muscle)

45
Q

TYPE LOCATION FUNCTION OF CONNECTIVE FIBER: adipose

A
  • beneath skin, breast, heat’s surface
  • surrounding kidneys and eyes
  • provides protective cushion
  • insulation
  • stores energy
46
Q

TYPE LOCATION FUNCTION OF CONNECTIVE FIBER; reticular

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • bone marrow

-provides supportive framework

47
Q

Hyaline

A
  • ends of bones in joints
  • connecting point between ribs/ sternum
  • rings in trachea/bronchi
  • larynx
  • fetal skeleton
  • eases joint movement
  • firm but flexible support
48
Q

elastic

A

external

-provides flexible support

49
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • intervertebral discs
  • knee joint
  • pelvis

-resists compression and absorbs shock

50
Q

bone

A

-skeleton

  • provides support, protection
  • serves as calcium reservoir
51
Q

blood

A

-inside blood vessels

  • inside blood vessels
  • transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste from one part of body to nother
52
Q

NERVOUS TISSUE

A

High degree of excitability and conductivity

Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves

Consists of 2 types of cells

53
Q

Neurons

A

units that conduct nervous impulses

54
Q

Neuroglia

A

which protect and assist neurons

55
Q

Soma

A

large cell body; contains nucleus of nerve cell as well as organelles

56
Q

Dendrites

A

short processes; receive impulses from other cells which transmit to soma

57
Q

axon

A

single long nerve fiber; transmits signals to other cells

58
Q

MUSCLE TISSUE

A

Consists of elongated cells that contract when stimulated

3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac and smooth

59
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • muscle fibers: long, thin cells
  • striated muscle
  • Voluntary
  • most is attached to bone
  • makes body movement possible
  • breathing, speech, urination, and facial expressions
60
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • striated but shorter than skeletal
  • intercalated discs: cells joined together with junctions
  • junctions allow electrical impulses to spread rapidly from cell to cell (contraction)
  • only found in heart
  • involuntary
61
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • long, spindle-shaped cells
  • not striated
  • stimulated by autonomic nervous system
  • Involuntary
  • lines walls of many organs (digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts)
  • controls blood pressure and flow
62
Q

Regeneration

A

occurs when damaged tissue cells are replaced with the same type of cells resulting in functional new tissue

Most skin injuries heal by regeneration

63
Q

Fibrosis

A

occurs when damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue (mostly collagen

Binds the edges together but doesn’t restore normal function

Severe cuts or burns, muscle and nerve tissue heal through fibrosis

Muscle/nerve tissue have limited capacity to regenerate causing loss of partial function

64
Q

STEPS IN TISSUE REPAIR

A

1.When cut occurs in skin, the severed blood vessels bleed into the wound

  1. Blood clot forms and forms scab
    - Beneath scab are white blood cells that ingest bacteria/cellular debris
  2. Healthy tissue surrounding the wound sends blood, nutrients, proteins and other materials necessary for growing new tissue to damaged area
    Granulation tissue: newly formed tissue
  3. Surface area wound generates new epithelial cells
    These cells migrate beneath the scab
    Scab loosens and falls off revealing new functional tissue
65
Q

Necrosis

A

irreversible cell injury and death

66
Q

Gangrene

A

refers to death of tissue due to inadequate blood supply

67
Q

Dry Gangren

A

efers to death of tissue without any bacterial involvement

68
Q

Wet gangrene

A

involves a bacterial infection and can be life-threatening

69
Q

membranes

A

Thin sheets of tissue

Line body cavities, cover body surfaces and separate organs from each other

Some secrete lubricating fluids to reduce friction during movement

70
Q

Categories of membranes

A
  1. epithelial membranes 2. connective tissue membranes
71
Q

3 types of epithelial membrane

A

mucous, cutaneous and serous

72
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Line body surfaces that open to body’s exterior (respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive)

Type of epithelium in each mucous membrane varies

Secrete mucous

73
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin; body’s largest membrane

Consists of a layer of epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue

74
Q

serous

lines the wall of the cavity then folds back and covers organs

A

Composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on layer of areolar connective tissue

Serous membranes line some closed body cavities and cover many organs

Serous membrane is actually one continuous sheet

75
Q

Parietal membrane

A

lines the wall of the cavity then folds back and covers organs

76
Q

Visceral membrane:

A

is part that covers the organs

77
Q

3 serous membranes

A

pleura
pericardium
peritoneum

78
Q

Pleura

A

surrounds each lung and lines the thoracic cavity

79
Q

Pericardium

A

surrounds heart

80
Q

Peritoneum

A

lines abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs

81
Q

ONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES

A

Some joints are lined by membranes made of connective tissue

Synovial membrane

APHY 164 (10 decks)

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