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APHY 164 > AnP Chapter 11 PNS (LO8) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 11 PNS (LO8) Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

relay info from the spinal cord to the rest of the body

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2
Q

A nerve

A

consists of many nerve fibers (axons) encased by connective tissue

The number of nerve fibers contained in a single nerve varies from a few to a million

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3
Q

Mixed nerves

A

contain both sensory and motor fibers

Transmit signals in two directions

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4
Q

Sensory nerves

A

contain only sensory (afferent) fibers

Carry sensations toward the spinal cord

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5
Q

Motor nerves

A

contain only motor (efferent) fibers

Carry messages to muscles and glands

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6
Q

spinal nerves and the numbers in each section

A 
8 cervical nerves (C1-C8) 
12 thoracic nerves (TI-T2) 
5 lumbar nerves (LI-L5) 
5 sacral nerves (S1-S5) 
1 coccygeal nerve (Co)
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7
Q

Invertebral foramina

A

holes in the vertebra that nerves pass through

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8
Q

Plexuses

A

nerve networks formed by subdivided branches

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9
Q

4 major plexuses

A

cervical plexus
the brachial plexus
the lumbar plexus
the sacral plexus

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10
Q

Cervical plexus

A

contains nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the neck, tops of the shoulders, and part of the head

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11
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

stimulates the diaphragm for breathing

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12
Q

Brachial plexus

A

innervates the lower part of the shoulder and arm

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13
Q

Key nerves traveling into arm from Brachial plexus

A

Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve

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14
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

derive from the fibers of the first four lumbar vertebrae

Supplies thigh and leg

Femoral nerve: a key nerve that runs in this region

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15
Q

Sacral plexus

A

form for fibers from nerves L4, L5 and S1-S4

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16
Q

Sacral plexus and lumbar plexus often referred to as…

A

lumbosacral plexus

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17
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

the largest nerve in the body runs down the thigh

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18
Q

Dermatomes

A

each spinal nerve innervates a specific area of the skin

used to assess and diagnose the level of spinal cord injury

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19
Q

Paraplegia

A

a loss of sensory and motor function in all parts of the trunk, legs, and pelvic organs

Results from an injury between T1 and L1

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20
Q

Quadriplegic

A

produces a lot of sensory and motor functions in the arms, legs, trunk and pelvic organs

injury above C5

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21
Q

C4 injury:
C6 injury:
T5 injury:
L5 injury:

A

C4 injury: complete paralysis below the neck
C6 injury: paralysis of hands, arms, trunk and legs
T5 injury: paralysis of trunk and legs
L5 injury: loss of function in legs and hips

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22
Q

Reflexes

A

quick, involuntary, predictable response to a stimulus

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23
Q

Reflex arch

A

bypass regions of the brain or conscious decisions are made

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24
Q

Autonomic (visceral) reflexes

A

involve secretion from glands or the contraction of smooth muscle

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25
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

involves a contraction of skeletal muscle after being stimulated by somatic motor neuron

How to protect the body against harm

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26
Q

How somatic reflexes work

A
  1. somatic receptors located in the skin, and muscle, or a tendon detect a sensation
  2. afferent (sensory) nerve fibers send a signal directly to the spinal cord
  3. The impulse immediately passes to motor neuron
  4. The motor neuron initiates an impulse back to the muscle causing it to contract producing a reflex
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27
Q

Cranial nerves

A

relay messages to the rest of the body

The brain has 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system

Each cranial nerve is identified by name suggesting its function and a according to their order

Some cranial nerves contain only sensory fibers some contain primary motor fibers others contain both

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28
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

(I, sensory)

Governs sense of smell

Terminates in olfactory bulbs in the cribriform plate just above the nasal cavity

Impairment resulting in impaired sense of smell

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29
Q

facial nerve

A

(VII, Mixed)

Sensory portion concerned with taste

motor portion controls facial expression and secretion of tears and saliva

Damage causes sagging facial muscles in a distorted sense of taste

30
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

(VIII, Sensory)

Concerned with hearing and balance

Damage results in deafness, dizziness, nausea, and loss of balance

31
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

(X, mixed)

Longest and most widely distributed cranial nerve

Supplies organs in the head and neck as well as those in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Please key role in many Heart, lungs, digestive and urinary functions

Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice and impaired swallowing

32
Q

Optic Nerve

A

(II, Sensory)

Concerned with vision

Links the retina to the brains visual cortex

Damage causes blindness in part or all of the visual field

33
Q

oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducens nerves

A

(III, IV, VI, mainly motor)

Regulate voluntary movements of the eyelid and eyeball; oculomotor also controls pupil construction

Damage can cause drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, inability to move eye in some directions; double vision

34
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

(V, two sensory and one mixed branch)

sensory branches (ophthalmic and maxillary) sense touch, temperature and pain on the eye, Face and teeth

mixed branch (mandibular) controls chewing and detect sensations in lower jaw

ophthalmic branch triggers the corneal reflex: blinking in response to a light touch on the eyeball

Damage to sensory branches causes loss of sensation in upper face

Damage to mixed branches results and impaired chewing and loss of sensation in Jaw

35
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

(IX, mixed)

Motor fibers govern tongue movements, swallowing and gagging

Sensory fibers handle taste, touch and temperature from the tongue also concerned with regulation of blood pressure

Damage causes impaired swallowing, choking and bitter or sour taste

36
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

(XII, mainly motor)

controls tongue movements

Damage causes impaired speech and swallowing as well as deviation of tongue toward injured side

37
Q

Spinal accessory nerve

A

(XI, mainly motor)

Controls movement in head, neck and shoulders

Damage in pairs movement of head, neck and shoulders

38
Q

mnemonic for cranial nerves

A 
On  
Olfactory (I) 
Old  
Optic (II) 
Olympus’  
Oculomotor (III) 
Towering 
Trochlear (IV) 
Top 
Trigeminal (V) 
A 
Abducens (VI) 
Friendly 
Facial (VII) 
Viking 
Vestibulochlear (VII) 
Grew  
Glossopharyngeal (IX) 
Vines 
Vagus (X) 
And 
Accessory (XI) 
Hops 
Hypoglossal (XII)
39
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

responsible for regulating the activities that maintain homeostasis

The secretion of digestive enzymes, the construction and dilation of blood vessels for the maintenance of blood pressure, and the secretion of hormones

Sends motor impulses to cardiac muscles, glands, and smooth muscle

40
Q

Visceral motor system

A

what the ANS is sometimes called because it Targets organs

41
Q

Visceral reflexes

A

these reflexes affect an organ

42
Q

Somatic pathways are structured as follows:

A

The neurons cell body lies within the CNS

A single myelinated axon enters from the brain stem or spinal cord to a skeletal muscle

At the target muscle the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) is released to cause muscle contraction

43
Q

autonomic pathways are structured as follows:

A

A myelinated Preganglionic neuron extends from the brain stem or spinal cord to a ganglion

In the ganglion it synapses with a postganglionic neuron and the neurotransmitter ACH is released

The axon of the unmyelinated postganglionic neuron extends to the target organ
—-The neurotransmitter released varies: parasympathetic fibers release ACH whereas sympathetic fibers release norepinephrine

44
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Innervates skeletal muscle

Consists of one nerve fibre leading from CNS to target (no ganglia)

Secretes neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Has an excitatory effect on target cells

Operates under voluntary control

45
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Innervates glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

Consists of two nerve fibers that synapse At the ganglion before reaching target

Secretes both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters

May excite or inhibit target cells

Operates involuntarily

46
Q

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

sympathetic division in the parasympathetic division

47
Q

The sympathetic division vs parasympathetic

A

prepares the body for physical activity and is responsible for the fight or flight reaction

has a calming effect on body functions

48
Q

Sympathetic Division functions

A

Increases alertness

Increases heart rate

Dilates bronchial tubes to increase air flow to the lungs

Dilates blood vessels of skeletal muscle to increase blood flow

Inhibits intestinal motility

Stimulates secretion of thick salivary mucous

Stimulates sweat glands

Stimulates adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine

Has no effect on the urinary bladder or internal sphincter

Causes “flight or fight” response

49
Q

Parasympathetic Division functions

A

Has a claming effect

Decreases heart rate

Constricts bronchial tubes to decrease air flow in lungs

Has no effect on blood vessels of skeletal muscles

Stimulates intestinal motility and secretion to promote digestion

Stimulates secretion of thin salivary mucous

Has no effect on sweat glands

Has no effect on adrenal medulla

Stimulates the bladder wall to contract and the internal sphincter to relax to cause urination

Causes “resting and digesting” state

50
Q

The Sympathetic Divison other name and where it arises from

A

Also called the Thoracolumbar division

Arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

51
Q

The Adrenal Glands

A

triangular shaped glands perched on top of each kidney

Play a role in function of the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers pass through the outer cortex and terminate in the center

52
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

the center of the adrenal gland

When stimulated it secretes epinephrine

epinephrine as well as norepinephrine can bind to the receptors of sympathetic effectors which helps prolong the sympathetic response

53
Q

The Parasympathetic Division other name

A

Also called craniosacral division because The neurons of the parasympathetic division arise from the brain and the sacral region of the spinal cord

54
Q

Parasympathetic fibers leave the brain stem by joining one of the following cranial nerves:

A

Oculomotor nerve (III): parasympathetic fibers carried in this nerve innervates ciliary muscle, which is against the lens of the eye, and the pupillary constrictor, which constricts the pupil

Facial nerve (VII): these parasympathetic fibers regulate the tear glands, salivary glands and nasal glands

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX): the parasympathetic fibers carried in this nerve trigger salivation

Vagus nerve (X): this nerve carries about 90% of all parasympathetic preganglionic fibers

55
Q

Sympathetic structure

A

Originates in the thoracolumbar region

Ganglia lie in chain along side spinal cord

Has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fiber

Employs most norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter

Produces widespread generalized effects

56
Q

Parasympathetic structure

A

Originates in craniosacral region

Ganglia lie in or near target organs

Has long freaking lunatic and short postganglionic fiber

Employs acetylcholine As a neurotransmitter

Produces local effects

57
Q

Effects of the ANS on Target Organs

A

The two divisions of the ANS tend to exert opposite effects

58
Q

The ANS employs two different neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine (Ach) and norepinephrine (NE)

59
Q

define cholinergic fibers

A

Fibers that secrete acetylcholine

60
Q

define adrenergic fibers

A

fibers that secrete norepinephrine

61
Q

Cholinergic Fibers

A

Include the preganglionic fibers of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Include the postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic division

Secrete acetylcholine

62
Q

Adrenergic Fibers

A

Include most but not all of the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division

Secrete norepinephrine

63
Q

The effects of ——— division tend to be short-lived whereas the effects of ———– division last longer

A

The effects of parasympathetic division tend to be short-lived whereas the effects of sympathetic division last longer

64
Q

Remember in all pathways preganglionic fibers are —— and secrete ——-

A

Remember in all pathways preganglionic fibers are cholinergic and secrete acetylcholine

65
Q

Receptors

A

After being released the neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the effector cells of the target organ

ACH binds to cholinergic receptors and norepinephrine behind to adrenergic receptors

Several subtypes of receptors that determine the effect produced by neurotransmitter

66
Q

Cholinergic Receptors

A

Acetylcholine may bind to one of two different types of receptors: nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors

67
Q

Nicotinic Receptors

A

These receptors occur within ganglia of the ANS in the adrenal medulla and in the neuromuscular junction

All cells with nicotinic receptors are excited by ACH

68
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

A

These receptors occur on the glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle cells of the organs innervated by cholinergic fibers

Cells with muscarinic receptors exhibit a variable response to Ach: some are excited some are inhibited

This variable response allows ACH to stimulate intestinal smooth muscle while inhibiting cardiac muscle

69
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

There are also two basic types of adrenergic receptors:

Alpha-a- adrenergic receptors and beta-b- adrenergic receptors

70
Q

Alpha-a- adrenergic receptors and beta-b- adrenergic receptors

A

Cells with a- adrenergic receptors are excited by norepinephrine

Cells with b- adrenergic receptors are inhibited by norepinephrine

71
Q

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

Sympathetic Division

A

Cholinergic fibers of preganglionic neurons secrete Ach

Ach binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

Most postganglionic neurons are adrenergic and secrete NE

  • —-Occasionally cholinergic and secrete Ach
  • —-Ach binds to muscarinic receptors

NE binds to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

72
Q

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

Parasympathetic Division

A

Cholinergic fibers of preganglionic neurons secrete Ach

Ach binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic neurons

Cholinergic postganglionic neurons secrete Ach

APHY 164 (10 decks)

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