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APHY 164 > AnP Chapter 14 (LO6) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 14 (LO6) Flashcards

1
Q

The blood of an average adult measures about — L and accounts for —-% of the body weight

A

The blood of an average adult measures about 5 L and accounts for 7% of the body weight

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2
Q

Blood

A

is a connective tissue consisting of several types of cells in combination with fluid (a tissue with a fluid matrix)

Only connected tissue that can move

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3
Q

main function of blood is to deliver:

A

Oxygen, nutrients hormones enzymes and other critical substances

remove waste products from the body cells

Plays multiple roles in protecting the body against infections

Help stabilize the bodies acid-base balance

Helps regulate body temperature

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4
Q

Components of blood

A

plasma

formed elements

viscosity

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5
Q

plasma

A

is the clear, Extracellular matrix of blood it’s accounts for 55% of blood

Main component is water

Also contains proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and gases

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6
Q

plasma proteins roles and what is the main plasma protein

A

Albumin: main protein in plasma

Plasma proteins play rules in blood clotting, the immune system, and the regulation of fluid volume

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7
Q

serum

A

plasma without the clotting proteins

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8
Q

Formed elements

A

includes cells and cell fragments that make up 45% of blood

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
Buffy coat

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9
Q

platelets

A

(thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood clot

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10
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells RBCs

Heaviest of the formed elements and sync to the bottom

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11
Q

Hematocrit:

A

Hematocrit: the percentage of cells in a sample of blood

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12
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells WBCs

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13
Q

Buffy coat

A

Narrow buff coloured band just underneath the plasma formed by WBCs and platelets

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14
Q

Viscosity

A

important property of blood determined by the combination of plasma and blood cells

Refers to how thick or sticky a fluid is

Poor blood is normally five times as thick as water

If number of red blood cells drops blood becomes thinner and less vicious

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15
Q

Blood cell formation components

A

red bone marrow
lymphatic tissue
stem cells

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16
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

the production of blood

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17
Q

Hemopoietic tissues

2 types of hemopoietic tissue

A

Hemopoietic tissues: tissues that produce blood cells

red brown marrow and lymphatic tissue

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18
Q

Red bone marrow:

A

Found in the ends of long bones and in flat regular bones such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae and pelvis

Produces all types of blood cells

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19
Q

Lymphatic tissue

A

Found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland

Supplement blood cell production by producing lymphocytes

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20
Q

Lymphocytes

A

a specific type of white blood cell

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21
Q

Stem cell

A

Also called a pluripotent stem cell

A type of bone marrow cell

All blood cells begin here

Unspecialized cells that give rise to immature red blood cells, white blood cells and platelet producing cells

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22
Q

order of How each type of cell is created by stem cells:

red blood cell

A

Stem cell
Proerythroblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocytes

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23
Q

order of How each type of cell is created by stem cells:

white blood cells

A

1) stem cell

2a) Myeloblast
3a) Progranulocyte
4a) Basophil
4aa) Eosinophil
4aaa) Neutrophil
* *Granulocytes**

2b) lymphoblasts
4b) Lymphocyte

2c) Monoblasts
4c) Monocyte

Agranulocytes

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24
Q

order of How each type of cell is created by stem cells:

platelets

A

Stem cell
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Thrombocytes

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25
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Erythrocytes

Deliver oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide

Cannot replicate because they don’t have a nucleus or DNA

The cytoskeleton contains stretchable fibres that make it flexible allowing it to fold and stretch and then spring back to its original shape

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26
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a red pigment that gives blood its colour

More than a third of the interior of RBC is filled with hemoglobin

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27
Q

globins

A

four ribbon like protein chains in hemoglobin

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28
Q

Heme

A

Iron containing molecule bound to each globin

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29
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

when haemoglobin molecule can unite with four molecules of oxygen (heme molecule)

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30
Q

A single drop of blood contains about ———-erythrocytes

A

A single drop of blood contains about 5 million erythrocytes

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31
Q

Each red blood cell contains ———-molecules of hemoglobin

A

Each red blood cell contains 200 to 300,000,000 molecules of hemoglobin

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32
Q

Hematocrit levels: male and female

A

female 37%-48% male 45%-52%

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33
Q

hemoglobin levels: male and female

A

female 12-16 g/dl male 13-18 g/dl

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34
Q

RBC count: male and female

A

female 4.2-5.4 million/mcl male 46-62 million/mcl

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35
Q

Life Cycle of Red Blood Cells

A

Red blood cells circulate for about 120 days before they die, break up, and are consumed by phagocytic cells in the spleen and liver

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36
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

produces red blood cells

maintained through negative feedback loop

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37
Q

how Erythropoiesis works

A
  1. As damaged cells are removed from circulation O2 levels fall
  2. The kidneys detects the declining levels of oxygen and respond by secreting a hormone called urethropoietin (EPO)
  3. EPO stimulates the red bone marrow to begin the process of creating a new erythrocyte
  4. Immature form of an erythrocyte site called a reticulocyte is released into circulation
  5. After 1 to 2 days the reticulocyte becomes a mature erythrocyte
  6. As the number of RBCS increases oxygen levels rise less EPO is produced an RBC production declines
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38
Q

The process of erythropoiesis takes how many days

A

3 to 5 days

39
Q

A common cause of an increased RBC production

A

is a move to higher altitude where the atmosphere contains less oxygen

The body compensates for the lower atmospheric oxygen by producing more red blood cells

40
Q

how Breakdown of Red Blood Cells works

A

Macrophages in the liver and spleen ingest and destroy old RBCs

In the process hemoglobin is broken down into its two components of globin and heme

Heme is broken down into iron and bilirubin

  • —Iron is transported to the bone marrow where it is used to create new hemoglobin
  • —-Bilirubin is excreted into the intestines as part of Bile

Globin is further broken down into amino acids
—-Amino acids are used for energy to create new proteins

41
Q

Hemolysis

A

the destruction of RBCs

42
Q

Jaundice

A

Instead of being excreted into the intestines the excess Billirubin enters the tissues causing the skin and Sclera to have a yellowish hue

Jaundice may result from conditions such as liver disease or bile duct obstruction that interfere with the flow of bile into the intestines

43
Q

Polycythemia

A

the state of which body has excess of red blood cells

44
Q

Polycythemia vera

A

diseased marrow triggers overproduction of RBCs

45
Q

Secondary Polycythemia

A

when the body attempts to compensate for conditions that have caused the amount of oxygen in the blood to drop

In an attempt to maintain its delivery of oxygen to the tissues of the body increases production of RBCS

46
Q

Anaemia

A

is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

47
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Other name is Leukocytes

Fewest of the formed elements

Crucial to life they are the bodies line of defence against invasion of infectious pathogens

Body contains five types of WBC all different in size, appearance, abundance, and function

All leucocytes contain a nucleus and other internal structures some of which look like granules

48
Q

The presence or absence of granules identifies the two classifications of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes: those having obvious granules
Agranulocytes: does have a few or no granules

49
Q

Granulocytes

A

Also contain a single multilobular nucleus

Three types of granulocytes our neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

50
Q

neutrophils:

granulocyte or agranulocyte
quantity
characteristics
function
life cycle
A

granulocyte

Quantity:
–Most abundant of the white blood cells make up 60% to 70% of all the white blood cells in circulation

Characteristics:

  • -The nucleus of the young look like a band or a stab wound and therefore they are sometimes called Band cells or stab cells
  • -Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes because the shape of the nucleus varies

Function:

  • -How many mobile quickly migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces where they in golf and digest foreign materials
  • -Worn out neutrophils left at the site of infection form the main components of pus

Life cycle
–All granulocytes circulate for 5 to 8 hrs then migrate into tissues where they live for 4 or 5 days

51
Q

eosinophils

granulocyte or agranulocyte
quantity
characteristics
function
life cycle
A

granulocyte

quantity:
–Account for 2% to 5% of circulating white blood cells

characteristics:
–Although few exist in the blood stream there are numerous in the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts

function:
–Involved in allergic reactions
also kill parasites

life cycle:
–For 5 to 8 hours and then migrate

52
Q

basophils

granulocyte or agranulocyte
quantity
characteristics
function
life cycle
A

quantity:
–The fewest of the white blood cells comprise only 0.5% to 1% of the white blood cell count

characteristics:
–Possess is little or no phagocytotic ability

function:
–Secretes heparin which prevents clotting in the infected area so white blood cells can enter

–they also secrete histamine a substance that causes blood vessels to leak which attracts white blood cells

life cycle:
–Into the tissues where they live four or five days

53
Q

Agranulocytes

A

lack cytoplasmic granules

The nuclei of these also lack lobes

Two types: lymphocytes and monocytes

54
Q

lymphocytes

granulocyte or agranulocyte
quantity
characteristics
function
life cycle
A

Quantity:
–The second most numerous of the white blood cells cons to 25% to 33% of the white blood cell count

Characteristics:
–Smallest of the white blood cells

Function:

  • -Responsible for long-term immunity there are two types:
  • -T lymphocytes Which directly attack an infected or cancer cell: Which directly attack an infected or cancer cell
  • -B lymphocytes: which produce antibodies against specific antigens

Life cycle:

  • -All begin in the bone marrow where some mature there others migrate to the famous to finish developing
  • -After maturing all colonized the organs and tissues of the lymph system afterward they continually cycle between the bloodstream and lymph system
  • -May survive from a few weeks to decades
55
Q

monocytes

granulocyte or agranulocyte
quantity
characteristics
function
life cycle
A

Quantity:
–Comprise 3% to 8% of the white blood count

characteristics:
–Largest of the white blood cells

function:
–Highly phagocytic And Ken and golf large bacteria and viral infected cells

life cycle:

  • -After circulating in the blood stream for 10 to 20 hours they migrate into tissues where they transform into macrophages
  • -Macrophages can live as long as a few years
56
Q

Macrophages

A

aggressive phagocytic cells that in just bacteria cellular debris and cancer cells

57
Q

Leukopenia

A

an abnormally low WBC count

May result from certain viral illnesses including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as well as lead poisoning

58
Q

Leukocytosis

A

elevated WBC count

Usually indicates infection or an allergy

59
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of the blood or bone marrow

Characterized by an extremely high WBC count

60
Q

Acute leukemia

A

the form occurring mostly in children appear suddenly and involves the rapid increase of immature white blood cells

61
Q

Chronic leukemia

A

involves the proliferation of a relatively mature but still abnormal white blood cells develops more slowly occurring mostly in older people

62
Q

Lymphocytic leukemia

A

involves the rapid proliferation of lymphocytes

63
Q

Myeloid leukemia

A

involves uncontrolled granulocyte production

64
Q

Deficiency of normal white blood cells leads to ———————————-

Deficiency of red blood cells leads to ————————–

Deficiency of platelets resulting in ———————-

A

Deficiency of normal white blood cells leads to a weekend immune system

Deficiency of red blood cells leads to anaemia

Deficiency of platelets resulting in increased risk for bleeding and bruising

65
Q

Platelets

A

also called thrombocytes are the second most abundant of the formed elements

Play a key role in stopping bleeding (homeostasis)

66
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

instead of being individual cells platelets are actually fragments of larger bone marrow cells

The edges break off to form cell fragments called platelets

67
Q

platelets life span

A

7 days

68
Q

Homeostasis

A

When a blood vessel is cut the body must react quickly to stop the flow of blood through following a sequence of events:

  1. vascular spasm
  2. the formation of a platelet plug
  3. the formation of a clot
69
Q

vascular spasm

A

as soon as blood vessels injured smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the vessel spasm

this constricts the blood vessels and slows the flow of blood

70
Q

formation on platelet plug

A

The breaking the blood vessel exposes collagen fibres creating a rough spot on the vessels normally slick interior

this rough spot triggers changes in the passing platelets transforming them into sticky platelets

71
Q

Coagulation

A

(blood clotting): involves a complex series of chemical reactions using proteins called clotting factors

72
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

when the damaged blood vessels and surrounding tissues outside (extrinsic) release clotting factors

73
Q

Intrinsic pathway

A

when the clotting factors are activated within the blood such as by the platelets they adhere to the collagen in the damaged vessel wall

74
Q

Prothrombin

A

produced as a result of both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

75
Q

Thrombin

A

transforms the soluble plasma proteins fibrinogen into fine threads of insoluble fibrin

76
Q

Plasmin

A

works to dissolve the fibre mesh work in the clots breaks up

77
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

process of dissolution of a blood clot

78
Q

The following factors discourage blood clot formation:

Smooth endothelium
Blood flow
Anticoagulants
Heparin

A

Smooth endothelium: the inner lining of undamaged blood vessels it’s very smooth which helps prevent platelets from sticking

Blood flow: Play normally produce a small amount of thrombin

Anticoagulants: Basil fills in mast cells normally secreted the anticoagulant heparin

Heparin: prevent blood clots by blocking the action of thrombin

79
Q

blood types

A

1900 scientist discovered blood types A, B and O

80
Q

Antigen (agglutinogen)

A

a protein that the surface of each red blood cell carries

2 antigens: A and B

81
Q

Blood type A

A

people with type A blood have the A antigen on their red blood cells

Type a blood has anti-B antibodies

82
Q

Blood type B

A

people with type B blood have the B antigen

Type B blood has anti-A antibodies

83
Q

Blood type AB

A

people with type AB blood have both A and B antigens

Type AB blood has no antibodies

84
Q

Blood type O:

A

people with type O blood have neither antigen

Type O blood has both anti-A an anti-B antibodies

85
Q

Transfusion reaction

A

if recipients plasma contains antibodies against the ABO type being transfused they will attack the donors red blood cells

86
Q

Agglutinate

A

large clumps of antigen- antibody molecules

Blocks blood vessels cutting off the floor of oxygen

87
Q

Hemolysis

A

RBCs burst and release hemoglobin into bloodstream

Could block tubules in the kidneys leading to renal failure and possibly death

88
Q

Universal donor blood

A

type O blood because it contains neither antigens A or B implying that it can be given to any recipient

That is not true because the donors plasma contains both Anti A and B antibodies meaning that the type O blood with Agglutinate the RBCS of a type A,B or AB recipient

89
Q

Universal recipient

A

type AB blood implying that a person with this blood type can receive a transfusion of any type of blood because it contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

90
Q

The Rh Group

A

Blood is classified as being Rh positive or Rh negative

Rh positive blood contains the Rh antigen that Rh negative blood lacks (85% whites 95% blacks are this)

Blood does not normally contain anti-Rh antibodies but it’s possible for someone with Rh negative blood to develop anti-Rh antibodies

91
Q

2 ways it’s possible for someone with Rh negative blood to develop anti-Rh antibodies

A
  1. When someone with RH negative blood receives a transfusion of Rh positive blood
  2. When and Rh negative mother becomes pregnant with an RH positive fetus
92
Q

Transfusion Rh case

A

If a person with Rh negative blood receives a transfusion of Rh positive blood the recipients body interprets Rh antigen is something foreign

Protect itself the body develops antibodies against the Rh antigen (anti Rh antibodies)

Problems arise if the recipient encounters the Rh antigen again because then the NTRH antibodies that form during the first transfusion will attack the Rh antigen in the donor blood causing agglutination

93
Q

Pregnant Rh case

A

Because maternal fetal blood doesn’t mix the first pregnancy with an RH positive fetus will proceed normally

During delivery or miscarriage the fetus is blood often mixes with the mother introducing our H antigens into the mothers blood stream

The mothers body responds by forming anti-Rh antibodies against this foreign substance

If the mother becomes pregnant with another RH positive baby the anti-Rh antibodies can pass through the placenta even if the red blood cells can’t

APHY 164 (10 decks)

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