AnP Chapter 14 (LO6) Flashcards
The blood of an average adult measures about — L and accounts for —-% of the body weight
The blood of an average adult measures about 5 L and accounts for 7% of the body weight
Blood
is a connective tissue consisting of several types of cells in combination with fluid (a tissue with a fluid matrix)
Only connected tissue that can move
main function of blood is to deliver:
Oxygen, nutrients hormones enzymes and other critical substances
remove waste products from the body cells
Plays multiple roles in protecting the body against infections
Help stabilize the bodies acid-base balance
Helps regulate body temperature
Components of blood
plasma
formed elements
viscosity
plasma
is the clear, Extracellular matrix of blood it’s accounts for 55% of blood
Main component is water
Also contains proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and gases
plasma proteins roles and what is the main plasma protein
Albumin: main protein in plasma
Plasma proteins play rules in blood clotting, the immune system, and the regulation of fluid volume
serum
plasma without the clotting proteins
Formed elements
includes cells and cell fragments that make up 45% of blood
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
Buffy coat
platelets
(thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood clot
Erythrocytes
red blood cells RBCs
Heaviest of the formed elements and sync to the bottom
Hematocrit:
Hematocrit: the percentage of cells in a sample of blood
Leukocytes
white blood cells WBCs
Buffy coat
Narrow buff coloured band just underneath the plasma formed by WBCs and platelets
Viscosity
important property of blood determined by the combination of plasma and blood cells
Refers to how thick or sticky a fluid is
Poor blood is normally five times as thick as water
If number of red blood cells drops blood becomes thinner and less vicious
Blood cell formation components
red bone marrow
lymphatic tissue
stem cells
Hemopoiesis
the production of blood
Hemopoietic tissues
2 types of hemopoietic tissue
Hemopoietic tissues: tissues that produce blood cells
red brown marrow and lymphatic tissue
Red bone marrow:
Found in the ends of long bones and in flat regular bones such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae and pelvis
Produces all types of blood cells
Lymphatic tissue
Found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland
Supplement blood cell production by producing lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
a specific type of white blood cell
Stem cell
Also called a pluripotent stem cell
A type of bone marrow cell
All blood cells begin here
Unspecialized cells that give rise to immature red blood cells, white blood cells and platelet producing cells
order of How each type of cell is created by stem cells:
red blood cell
Stem cell
Proerythroblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocytes
order of How each type of cell is created by stem cells:
white blood cells
1) stem cell
2a) Myeloblast
3a) Progranulocyte
4a) Basophil
4aa) Eosinophil
4aaa) Neutrophil
* *Granulocytes**
2b) lymphoblasts
4b) Lymphocyte
2c) Monoblasts
4c) Monocyte
Agranulocytes
order of How each type of cell is created by stem cells:
platelets
Stem cell
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Thrombocytes
Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
Deliver oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide
Cannot replicate because they don’t have a nucleus or DNA
The cytoskeleton contains stretchable fibres that make it flexible allowing it to fold and stretch and then spring back to its original shape
Hemoglobin
a red pigment that gives blood its colour
More than a third of the interior of RBC is filled with hemoglobin
globins
four ribbon like protein chains in hemoglobin
Heme
Iron containing molecule bound to each globin
Oxyhemoglobin
when haemoglobin molecule can unite with four molecules of oxygen (heme molecule)
A single drop of blood contains about ———-erythrocytes
A single drop of blood contains about 5 million erythrocytes
Each red blood cell contains ———-molecules of hemoglobin
Each red blood cell contains 200 to 300,000,000 molecules of hemoglobin
Hematocrit levels: male and female
female 37%-48% male 45%-52%
hemoglobin levels: male and female
female 12-16 g/dl male 13-18 g/dl
RBC count: male and female
female 4.2-5.4 million/mcl male 46-62 million/mcl
Life Cycle of Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells circulate for about 120 days before they die, break up, and are consumed by phagocytic cells in the spleen and liver
Erythropoiesis
produces red blood cells
maintained through negative feedback loop
how Erythropoiesis works
- As damaged cells are removed from circulation O2 levels fall
- The kidneys detects the declining levels of oxygen and respond by secreting a hormone called urethropoietin (EPO)
- EPO stimulates the red bone marrow to begin the process of creating a new erythrocyte
- Immature form of an erythrocyte site called a reticulocyte is released into circulation
- After 1 to 2 days the reticulocyte becomes a mature erythrocyte
- As the number of RBCS increases oxygen levels rise less EPO is produced an RBC production declines
The process of erythropoiesis takes how many days
3 to 5 days
A common cause of an increased RBC production
is a move to higher altitude where the atmosphere contains less oxygen
The body compensates for the lower atmospheric oxygen by producing more red blood cells
how Breakdown of Red Blood Cells works
Macrophages in the liver and spleen ingest and destroy old RBCs
In the process hemoglobin is broken down into its two components of globin and heme
Heme is broken down into iron and bilirubin
- —Iron is transported to the bone marrow where it is used to create new hemoglobin
- —-Bilirubin is excreted into the intestines as part of Bile
Globin is further broken down into amino acids
—-Amino acids are used for energy to create new proteins
Hemolysis
the destruction of RBCs
Jaundice
Instead of being excreted into the intestines the excess Billirubin enters the tissues causing the skin and Sclera to have a yellowish hue
Jaundice may result from conditions such as liver disease or bile duct obstruction that interfere with the flow of bile into the intestines
Polycythemia
the state of which body has excess of red blood cells
Polycythemia vera
diseased marrow triggers overproduction of RBCs
Secondary Polycythemia
when the body attempts to compensate for conditions that have caused the amount of oxygen in the blood to drop
In an attempt to maintain its delivery of oxygen to the tissues of the body increases production of RBCS
Anaemia
is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
White Blood Cells
Other name is Leukocytes
Fewest of the formed elements
Crucial to life they are the bodies line of defence against invasion of infectious pathogens
Body contains five types of WBC all different in size, appearance, abundance, and function
All leucocytes contain a nucleus and other internal structures some of which look like granules
The presence or absence of granules identifies the two classifications of white blood cells
Granulocytes: those having obvious granules
Agranulocytes: does have a few or no granules
Granulocytes
Also contain a single multilobular nucleus
Three types of granulocytes our neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
neutrophils:
granulocyte or agranulocyte quantity characteristics function life cycle
granulocyte
Quantity:
–Most abundant of the white blood cells make up 60% to 70% of all the white blood cells in circulation
Characteristics:
- -The nucleus of the young look like a band or a stab wound and therefore they are sometimes called Band cells or stab cells
- -Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes because the shape of the nucleus varies
Function:
- -How many mobile quickly migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces where they in golf and digest foreign materials
- -Worn out neutrophils left at the site of infection form the main components of pus
Life cycle
–All granulocytes circulate for 5 to 8 hrs then migrate into tissues where they live for 4 or 5 days
eosinophils
granulocyte or agranulocyte quantity characteristics function life cycle
granulocyte
quantity:
–Account for 2% to 5% of circulating white blood cells
characteristics:
–Although few exist in the blood stream there are numerous in the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts
function:
–Involved in allergic reactions
also kill parasites
life cycle:
–For 5 to 8 hours and then migrate
basophils
granulocyte or agranulocyte quantity characteristics function life cycle
quantity:
–The fewest of the white blood cells comprise only 0.5% to 1% of the white blood cell count
characteristics:
–Possess is little or no phagocytotic ability
function:
–Secretes heparin which prevents clotting in the infected area so white blood cells can enter
–they also secrete histamine a substance that causes blood vessels to leak which attracts white blood cells
life cycle:
–Into the tissues where they live four or five days
Agranulocytes
lack cytoplasmic granules
The nuclei of these also lack lobes
Two types: lymphocytes and monocytes
lymphocytes
granulocyte or agranulocyte quantity characteristics function life cycle
Quantity:
–The second most numerous of the white blood cells cons to 25% to 33% of the white blood cell count
Characteristics:
–Smallest of the white blood cells
Function:
- -Responsible for long-term immunity there are two types:
- -T lymphocytes Which directly attack an infected or cancer cell: Which directly attack an infected or cancer cell
- -B lymphocytes: which produce antibodies against specific antigens
Life cycle:
- -All begin in the bone marrow where some mature there others migrate to the famous to finish developing
- -After maturing all colonized the organs and tissues of the lymph system afterward they continually cycle between the bloodstream and lymph system
- -May survive from a few weeks to decades
monocytes
granulocyte or agranulocyte quantity characteristics function life cycle
Quantity:
–Comprise 3% to 8% of the white blood count
characteristics:
–Largest of the white blood cells
function:
–Highly phagocytic And Ken and golf large bacteria and viral infected cells
life cycle:
- -After circulating in the blood stream for 10 to 20 hours they migrate into tissues where they transform into macrophages
- -Macrophages can live as long as a few years
Macrophages
aggressive phagocytic cells that in just bacteria cellular debris and cancer cells
Leukopenia
an abnormally low WBC count
May result from certain viral illnesses including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as well as lead poisoning
Leukocytosis
elevated WBC count
Usually indicates infection or an allergy
Leukemia
Cancer of the blood or bone marrow
Characterized by an extremely high WBC count
Acute leukemia
the form occurring mostly in children appear suddenly and involves the rapid increase of immature white blood cells
Chronic leukemia
involves the proliferation of a relatively mature but still abnormal white blood cells develops more slowly occurring mostly in older people
Lymphocytic leukemia
involves the rapid proliferation of lymphocytes
Myeloid leukemia
involves uncontrolled granulocyte production
Deficiency of normal white blood cells leads to ———————————-
Deficiency of red blood cells leads to ————————–
Deficiency of platelets resulting in ———————-
Deficiency of normal white blood cells leads to a weekend immune system
Deficiency of red blood cells leads to anaemia
Deficiency of platelets resulting in increased risk for bleeding and bruising
Platelets
also called thrombocytes are the second most abundant of the formed elements
Play a key role in stopping bleeding (homeostasis)
Megakaryocytes
instead of being individual cells platelets are actually fragments of larger bone marrow cells
The edges break off to form cell fragments called platelets
platelets life span
7 days
Homeostasis
When a blood vessel is cut the body must react quickly to stop the flow of blood through following a sequence of events:
- vascular spasm
- the formation of a platelet plug
- the formation of a clot
vascular spasm
as soon as blood vessels injured smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the vessel spasm
this constricts the blood vessels and slows the flow of blood
formation on platelet plug
The breaking the blood vessel exposes collagen fibres creating a rough spot on the vessels normally slick interior
this rough spot triggers changes in the passing platelets transforming them into sticky platelets
Coagulation
(blood clotting): involves a complex series of chemical reactions using proteins called clotting factors
Extrinsic pathway
when the damaged blood vessels and surrounding tissues outside (extrinsic) release clotting factors
Intrinsic pathway
when the clotting factors are activated within the blood such as by the platelets they adhere to the collagen in the damaged vessel wall
Prothrombin
produced as a result of both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways
Thrombin
transforms the soluble plasma proteins fibrinogen into fine threads of insoluble fibrin
Plasmin
works to dissolve the fibre mesh work in the clots breaks up
Fibrinolysis
process of dissolution of a blood clot
The following factors discourage blood clot formation:
Smooth endothelium
Blood flow
Anticoagulants
Heparin
Smooth endothelium: the inner lining of undamaged blood vessels it’s very smooth which helps prevent platelets from sticking
Blood flow: Play normally produce a small amount of thrombin
Anticoagulants: Basil fills in mast cells normally secreted the anticoagulant heparin
Heparin: prevent blood clots by blocking the action of thrombin
blood types
1900 scientist discovered blood types A, B and O
Antigen (agglutinogen)
a protein that the surface of each red blood cell carries
2 antigens: A and B
Blood type A
people with type A blood have the A antigen on their red blood cells
Type a blood has anti-B antibodies
Blood type B
people with type B blood have the B antigen
Type B blood has anti-A antibodies
Blood type AB
people with type AB blood have both A and B antigens
Type AB blood has no antibodies
Blood type O:
people with type O blood have neither antigen
Type O blood has both anti-A an anti-B antibodies
Transfusion reaction
if recipients plasma contains antibodies against the ABO type being transfused they will attack the donors red blood cells
Agglutinate
large clumps of antigen- antibody molecules
Blocks blood vessels cutting off the floor of oxygen
Hemolysis
RBCs burst and release hemoglobin into bloodstream
Could block tubules in the kidneys leading to renal failure and possibly death
Universal donor blood
type O blood because it contains neither antigens A or B implying that it can be given to any recipient
That is not true because the donors plasma contains both Anti A and B antibodies meaning that the type O blood with Agglutinate the RBCS of a type A,B or AB recipient
Universal recipient
type AB blood implying that a person with this blood type can receive a transfusion of any type of blood because it contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
The Rh Group
Blood is classified as being Rh positive or Rh negative
Rh positive blood contains the Rh antigen that Rh negative blood lacks (85% whites 95% blacks are this)
Blood does not normally contain anti-Rh antibodies but it’s possible for someone with Rh negative blood to develop anti-Rh antibodies
2 ways it’s possible for someone with Rh negative blood to develop anti-Rh antibodies
- When someone with RH negative blood receives a transfusion of Rh positive blood
- When and Rh negative mother becomes pregnant with an RH positive fetus
Transfusion Rh case
If a person with Rh negative blood receives a transfusion of Rh positive blood the recipients body interprets Rh antigen is something foreign
Protect itself the body develops antibodies against the Rh antigen (anti Rh antibodies)
Problems arise if the recipient encounters the Rh antigen again because then the NTRH antibodies that form during the first transfusion will attack the Rh antigen in the donor blood causing agglutination
Pregnant Rh case
Because maternal fetal blood doesn’t mix the first pregnancy with an RH positive fetus will proceed normally
During delivery or miscarriage the fetus is blood often mixes with the mother introducing our H antigens into the mothers blood stream
The mothers body responds by forming anti-Rh antibodies against this foreign substance
If the mother becomes pregnant with another RH positive baby the anti-Rh antibodies can pass through the placenta even if the red blood cells can’t
