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APHY 164 > AnP Chapter 3 (LO3) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 3 (LO3) Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Simplest units of all living matter

Orchestrate all of the processes that make life possible: respiration, movement, reproduction, digestion and excretion

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2
Q

Body consists of about —–different types of cells

A

200

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3
Q

Nerve cells

A

Long extensions allow these cells to quickly transmit electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

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4
Q

Muscle cell

A

Elongated, thread-like fibers can shorten to allow body parts to move

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5
Q

Red blood cell

A

Concave shape allows these cells to bend and squeeze through tiny blood vessels

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6
Q

Gland cells

A

Intercellular sacs store and release substances, such as hormones, enzymes, mucus and sweat

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7
Q

Immune cells

A

These cells can recognize and destroy foreign invaders (such as viruses, fungi, and bacteria) some engulf or destroy foreign cells directly; others manufacture antibodies

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8
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Surrounds cell

Regulates the passage of substance into and out of the cell

Consists of phospholipids, cholesterol and protein phospholipids

Phospholipids form the bulk of the cell membrane (heads and tails)

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9
Q

phospholipid Bilayer

A

in effort to keep heads and tails forcing the right ways, the phospholipids position themselves in a double layer

Helps stiffen and strengthen the plasma membrane proteins

Embedded in various spots in the membran

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10
Q

Glycoproteins

A

proteins that have carbohydrates attached to their outer surface

act as markers to help the body distinguish its own cells from foreign invaders

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11
Q

protein receptors

A

receptors for specific chemicals or hormones

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12
Q

protein channels

A

allowing solutes to pass in and out of the cell

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13
Q

NUCLEUS

A

Central and most important part of the cell

Cells control centre; contains all genetic info

Most cells only have one but liver and skeletal muscles have multiple nucleus’

Mature red blood cells are the only cells that don’t contain nucleus

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14
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

a double layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus

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15
Q

Nuclear pores

A

perforate the nuclear envelope

  • regulate the passage of molecules into the nucleus and out
  • allows RNA to leave to do work in the cytoplasm
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16
Q

Chromatin

A

throughout nucleoplasm are thread-like structures composed of DNA and protein

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17
Q

Chromosomes:

A

chromatic coils tightly into short rod-like structures

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18
Q

Nucleolus

A

center of the nucleus; manufactures components of ribosomes

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

gel like substance that fills the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

-hundreds or thousands of organelles are packed into the cytoplasm

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20
Q

Organelles:

A

“little organs” perform specific tasks in cellular metabolism

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21
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of membranous canals

  • ribosomes dot surface of some ER giving a “rough” appearance AKA rough ER
  • smooth ER contains enzymes that synthesize lipids and carbs
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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

protein and RNA; synthesize proteins

  • some attach to ER others are scattered through cytoplasm
  • some of the produced protein is used
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23
Q

GOLGI APPARATUS

A

Made up of flattened membranous sacs stacked on top of each other

Receives proteins from the ER and prepares and packages them for export

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24
Q

steps of how the Golgi apparatus works

A
  1. ER delivers a protein molecule to the Golgi apparatus
  2. The protein passes through each of the sacs of the Golgi apparatus undergoing modifications along the way
  3. At the end of the process the Golgi apparatus envelopes the protein and then pinches off the portion of itself containing the proton creating a vesicle
  4. Some vesicles travel to the surface of the cell, fuse with the plasma membrane and pop open to release the protein inside
    - Others become lysosomes and some become secretory vesicles that store substances like breast milk or digestive enzymes for later secretion
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25
Q

CENTRIOLES

A

2 centrioles lie perpendicular to each other just outside the nucleus

Play a role in cell division

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26
Q

LYSOSOMES

A

(cellular garbage disposals)

Membranous vesicles that form from pinched off pieces of the Golgi apparatus

Contain various enzymes that help break down excess protein

This allows the cell to reuse amino acids

Can be used to destroy bacteria

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27
Q

MITOCHANDRIA

A

(powerhouse of the cell)

2 membranes: an outer and inner membrane

Cells that do a lot of work contain more mitochondria

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28
Q

Cristae

A

inner membrane folds back and forth creating these folds

Between the spaces of inner membrane are enzymes that the organelle use to make ATP

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29
Q

CYTOSKELETON

A

Supporting framework of the cell

Made of protein and rod like structures

Determines the shape of the cell, gives strength and allows it to move

Organizes contents of the cell

In some cells forms microvilli, cilia and flagella

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30
Q

microovilli

A

Folds of the cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of the cell

Typically found in cells charged with absorbing nutrients (intestinal)

Can increase cells absorptive area as much as x40

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31
Q

cilia

A
  • hair like processes along the surface of the cell that move
  • Beat in waves away in same direction
  • Occur primarily in respiratory tract and fallopian tubes
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32
Q

flagella

A

Similar to cilia hair like projections

Thicker and longer and fewer

Whip like motion that helps move a cell

Only flagellum in the human body is the tail of sperm

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33
Q

Two categories of transportation mechanisms

A

active or passive transport

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34
Q

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

A

Don’t require the cells to expand energy

Include diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion

35
Q

DIFFUSION

A

Involves the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Occurs in air or water

36
Q

Concentration gradient

A

a difference in concentration of a substance from one point to another

37
Q

OSMOSIS

A

Type of diffusion

Involves the diffusion of water down the concentration gradient through selectively permeable membrane

In the body- happens when a particular substance can’t cross the membrane in which water moves in an effort to equalize the concentration

38
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

h20 diffuses by osmosis into a solution, the volume of that solution increases. As the volume of H20 on side B increases, it exerts more and more pressure against the membrane

39
Q

Osmotic pressur

A

H20 pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis —->the more solute in a solution the greater it’s osmotic pressure

40
Q

OSMOLARITY AND TONICITY

A

Important when administering IV fluids

Cells contain a variety of solutes ex: salts, sugars, acids and base

The concentration of these solutes determines whether and how much fluid moves into or out of a cell

41
Q

Osmosis

A

will occur if a solute can’t move through the plasma membrane

42
Q

Tonicity

A

ability of solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell through osmosis

43
Q

Isotonic solution

A

The concentration of solutes is the same as it is in cell

Ex) when a red blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution h20 moves into and out of cell at an equal rate

44
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Contains higher concentration of solutes compared with the fluid within the cell

Ex) if a red blood cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution (ex salt solution) h20 will diffuse out of the cell causing it to shrivel and perhaps die

45
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Contains lower concentration of solutes compared with fluid within cell

Ex) if a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution (distilled h20) h20 will move by osmosis into cell. Causing cell to swell and burst

46
Q

FILTRATION

A

Occurs because differences in pressure ex) capillaries

H20 and dissolved particles are forced across a membrane from an area of higher to lower hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure of blood inside capillaries forces h20 and dissolved material into surrounding tissue fluid ** this is how cells receive the nutrients the need

The method kidneys use to remove waste products from the blood

47
Q

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

A

Some molecules need other molecules to help (facilitate) movement across a membrane

Similar to regular diffusion, molecules move down the concentration gradient from an area of greater to lesser concentration

48
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

Solutes move up to the concentration gradient from lesser to greater

Moving against the concentration gradient requires energy in form of ATP

Mechanisms include transport by pumps and transport by vesicles

49
Q

TRANSPORT BY PUMPS

A

Actively pumping allows cells to move ions and other particles to specific areas

50
Q

Sodium- potassium pump

A

regulates the volume of fluid within cells
provides the electrical potential
helps with heat production

transfers sodium from inside to outside
transfers potassium from extra cellular fluid (outside) to inside

51
Q

how sodium potassium pump works

A
  1. 3 sodium ions from inside the cell funnel into receptor sites on a channel protein ‘
  2. Fueled by ATP the channel protein releases Na+ into extracellular fluid causing them to move from lower to higher concentration
  3. Meanwhile 2 potassium ions from outside enter the same channel protein
  4. The potassium are then released inside the cell. This keeps the concentration of K+ higher and Na+ lower within the cell
52
Q

TRANSPORT BY VESICLES

A

Cells have ability to move large particles or numerous molecules at once through the plasma membrane

This requires energy

Cell membrane creates a vesicle to transport the matter

53
Q

ENDOCYTOSIS

A

The form of vesicular transport that brings substances into the cell

Endo: take into

Plasma membrane traps a substance that’s too large to diffuse and brings it into the cell

54
Q

2 FORMS OF ENDOCYTOSIS

A

Phagocytosis (cell eating): occurs when the cell engulfs a solid particle and brings it into the cell ex) white blood cell “consumes” bacteria

Pinocytosis (cell drinking): occurs when tiny vacuoles bring droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances into the cell
-the cell then uses the engulfed fluid and nutrients

55
Q

EXOCYTOSIS

A

Brings substances into the cell using vesicles to release substances outside of the cell

Glands use this to release hormones

In exocytosis a vesicle in the cell containing the materials to be released travels to the cells surface

The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and then releases its contents outside the cell

56
Q

DNA molecule

A

type of nucleic acid, most complex of all molecules

57
Q

Genome

A

complete set genes or genetic material in a cell

58
Q

Polymer

A

large molecule made up of many smaller molecules joined together in a sequence that encodes the cell’s genetic info

59
Q

Nucleotides

A

“building blocks” of DNA

-each consist of one sugar, one phosphate group and one four possible types of nitrogenous bases

60
Q

4 TYPES OF BASES:

A

Adenine (A): can only pair with :Thymine (T)

Guanine (G): can only pair with :cytosine (C)

61
Q

DNA info

A

Main function= provide info for building proteins

Proteins are the body’s main structural molecules and contribute to almost every cellular function

DNA is too large to leave the nucleus and needs help from ribonucleic acid (RNA)

DNA structure= double helix
Phosphate group alternates with the sugar deoxyribose to form 2 sides of ladder

62
Q

RNA

A

Long chain of nucleotide units consisting of a sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base

Exists in 3 forms (crucial to protein synthesis)

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
63
Q

RNA Differs from DNA in 3 ways

A

RNA is a single strand

RNA contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose

RNA contains the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

64
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

A

Manufactured proteins occur in 2 main phases: transcription and translation

65
Q

how transcription works with DNA/RNA

A

1.When the nucleus receives a chemical message to make a new protein the DNA with relevant gene unwinds

2.RNA nucleotides are assembled by an enzyme
The nucleotides attach DNA and bind together to form mRNA

Strand is exact copy of the opposite side of the DNA molecule

  1. Length of mRNA consists of a series of 3 bases (triplets)

Condon: triplet à the code for one amino acid

66
Q

how translation works with DNA/RNA

A

Once in the cytoplasm mRNA attaches to a ribosome

Ribosome consists of rRNA and enzymes

Then translated into a protein
Ribosome reads the codons on strand of mRNA

tRNA is found in the cytoplasm

Anticodon: consists of 3 bases that perfectly complement a specific site (codon) on the mRNA
Amino acid attached to the tRNA

tRNA finds the anticodon and deposits the amino acid

The ribosome uses enzymes to attach the chain of amino acids together with peptide bonds

When each triplet has been filled with the correct amino acid and the peptide bonds have been formed, the protein is complete

67
Q

Cell life cycle

A

ability of cells to grow and reproduce

68
Q

Cell reproduction

A

ensure genetic info is passed on from one cell to the next

69
Q

THE CELL CYCLE

A

First gap phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S)
Second gap phase (G2)
Mitotic phase (M)

70
Q

First gap phase (G1)

A

Cell performs the task for which it was created ex) carrying 02

Accumulates the materials it will need to replicate its DNA

71
Q

Synthesis phase (S)

A

The cell makes or synthesizes an extra set of DNA

72
Q

Second gap phase (G2)

A

The cell makes final preparations for cell division including synthesizing necessary enzymes

73
Q

Mitotic phase (M)

A

Cell division occurs

74
Q

interphase

A

time between mitotic phase

75
Q

G0 (G- zero) phase

A

some cells leave the cycle and rest/don’t divide

-can last days, years or decades

76
Q

age

A

Factor that limits the # of times a cell can divide

Every time DNA replicates the end of chromosomes (telomeres) shorten

Eventually telomeres get too short and essential parts of DNA can be damaged

77
Q

MITOSIS

A

When the cell splits into two identical daughter cells

Only cells that don’t divide through mitosis are sex cells

78
Q

Meiosis

A

how sex cells divide

79
Q

4 PHASES OF MITOSIS

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

80
Q

PROPHASE

A

Chromatin begins to coil and condense to form chromosome

Each duplicated chromosome consists of two strands (chromatids) each strand contains a single molecule of DNA

2 chromatids join in the middle at a spot called centromere

Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell

The nuclear envelope dissolves and spindle fibers form in cytoplasm

81
Q

METAPHASE

A

Some of the spindle fibers attach to one side of the chromosomes at the centromere

The chromosomes line up along the center of the cell
ANAPHASE

82
Q

ANAPHASE

A

The centromeres divide, forming two chromosomes instead of a pair of attached chromatids

The spindle fibers pull the newly formed chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell

83
Q

TELOPHASE

A

A new nuclear envelope develops around each set of daughter chromosomes

The spindle fibers disappear and the cytoplasm divides to produce two identical daughter cells

APHY 164 (10 decks)

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