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APHY 164 > AnP Chapter 16 (LO6) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 16 (LO6) Flashcards

1
Q

Vascular System

A

Elaborate system of vessels to meet the need of a continuous supply of blood to provide tissues and organs and cells with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products

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2
Q

The framework of the system consists of three types of blood vessels

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

Veins return blood to the heart

capillaries connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

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3
Q

Tunics

A

3 layers in the walls of both arteries and veins

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa

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4
Q

Tunica intima:

A

The innermost layer is exposed to the blood

Consists of a simple squamous epithelium called endothelium that is continuous with the endothelium that lines the heart

It’s Smooth surface keeps blood flowing freely without sticking to the vessel wall

Also produces chemicals that cause blood vessels to dilate or constrict

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5
Q

Tunica media:

A

also called elastic arteries

the middle layer is the thickest layer

compose a smooth muscle and elastic tissue it allows the blood vessels to change diameter

The smooth muscle in this layer is innervated by the autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

Tunica externa:

A

the outer layer is made of strong flexible fibrous connective tissue

This layer supports and protects a blood vessel

In veins this is the focus of three layers

In arteries it’s usually a little thinner than the middle layer

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7
Q

Arteries

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

Arteries closest to the heart of the largest and as they travel further away from the heart they branch and
divide becoming smaller

Arteries can be divided into conducting arteries, distributing arteries and arterioles
Conducting arteries

Examples aorta, common carotid artery, subclavian artery

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8
Q

Arterioles

A

the smallest arteries

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9
Q

Distributing arteries

A

These arteries carry blood father away from the heart to specific organs and areas of the body

also called muscular arteries

these arteries are smaller in diameter than elastic arteries

Examples brachial, femoral and renal arteries

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10
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries

Also called the resistance vessels because through the contraction of smooth muscle in their walls they can resist the flow of blood helping regulate blood pressure as well as control how blood enters an organ

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11
Q

Metarterioles

A

short connecting vessels that connect arterials to capillaries

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12
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

Vessels closest to the heart are the largest

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13
Q

Veins are distinct from arteries in other ways:

A

the walls of veins are thinner

Veins have a great ability to stretch which allows them to carry varying amounts of blood with almost no change in pressure because of this they are sometimes called capacitance vessels

Veins can constrict extensively

Veins lie closer to the body’s surface

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14
Q

Large veins

A

Formed as medium sized veins converge these veins have a thick tunica externa

Examples: vina Cavae, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins

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15
Q

Medium sized veins

A

Formed by the convergence of venules on the road toward the heart, medium size veins have thicker more elastic walls

These veins contain one way valves formed from thin endothelium

Examples radial and ulnar veins of the forearm, saphenous veins in the legs

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16
Q

Venules

A

These are the smallest veins and collect blood from Capillaries

The endothelium consists of squamous epithelium cells and acts as a membrane

tunica media is poorly developed giving venules thinner walls

They are porous and can exchange fluid with surrounding tissues

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17
Q

Fast fact

A

Veins contain more than 60% of blood in circulation in comparison arteries contain 11% the rest is contained in the lungs, heart and capillaries

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18
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that link arterials to venules

Within Capillaries nutrients, waste and hormones are transferred between blood and tissues

These are the exchange vessels of the circulatory system

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19
Q

which tissues contain a high number of capillaries?

A

Tissues with high metabolic rate such as the liver, kidneys and myocardium contain a large number of capillaries

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20
Q

which tissues contain a low number of capillaries?

A

Fibrous connective tissue such as tendons have a lower metabolic rate and contain fewer capillaries

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21
Q

which tissues contain no capillaries?

A

the upper dermis, cartilage, and the lens and cornea of the eye don’t have any capillaries

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22
Q

Capillary beds

A

networks that the pillars are organized into

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23
Q

Microcirculation

A

formed by capillaries to connect arterioles to venules

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24
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

at the beginning of each capillary bed that regulates the flow of blood into the net work

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25
Q

Sinusoid

A

irregular blood-filled spaces are more permeable, allowing for the passage of large substances such as proteins and blood cells

This is how blood cells formed in bone marrow as well as clotting factors and other proteins synthesized in the liver enter the bloodstream

Liver, bone marrow and spleen contain these unique capillaries

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26
Q

Capillary Exchange

A

Capillary walls allow for 2 way exchange of substances and fluid

Capillary release chemicals including oxygen, glucose, hormones, and nutrients that will be used by surrounding tissues

capillaries take away carbon dioxide and ammonia

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27
Q

Diffusion

A

Most important mechanism of Capillary exchange substances move from areas of greater to lesser concentration

Blood flows into the capillaries from the arterial system carrying a supply of oxygen meaning the oxygen inside pillories is greater than in surrounding tissue fluid

As a result oxygen diffuses out of capillaries and into the surrounding fluid

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28
Q

Filtration and Colloid Osmotic pressure

A

Filtration Occurs close to the arterial side of the capillary bed

Osmotic pressure operates toward the venous side where about 85% of fluid is absorbed

Remaining 15% is absorbed by lymphatic system

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29
Q

Edema

A

accumulation of fluid when fluid filters out of the capillaries faster than its reabsorbed

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30
Q

3 main causes of edema

A
  1. Increase Capillary filtration: because Capillary pressure drives filtration arising Capillary pressure would increase filtration causing kidney failure, poor venous return from inactivity or failure of the right ventricle
  2. Reduced Capillary reabsorption: Hillary reabsorption depends on Albumin therefore a deficiency would slow reabsorption causing edema
  3. obstructive lymphatic drainage: and obstruction would cause fluid to accumulate
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31
Q

In general blood flows from …

A

the heart through arteries and capillaries and veins in back to the heart

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32
Q

portal system

A

in which blood flows through two networks of capillaries

The bodies main portal system occurs in the liver

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33
Q

anastomosis

A

when two vessels join together

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34
Q

Arteriovenous anastomosis

A

when blood flows directly from an artery to a vein

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35
Q

Venous anastomosis

A

blood flow from one vein to another vein

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36
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

begins at the right ventricle and involves the circulation of blood through the lungs

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37
Q

systemic circulation

A

begins at the left ventricle and involves the circulation of blood through the body

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38
Q

Specialized circulatory systems

A

hepatic portal circulation (routes blood from the digestive organs to the liver), circulation to the brain and fetal circulation

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39
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

routes blood to and from the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen

It doesn’t supply the lung tissue itself with oxygen those needs are met through systemic circulation:

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40
Q

how does pulmonary circulation work

A
  1. Blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk, which branch is in to the right and left pulmonary arteries
  2. The pulmonary arteries enter the lungs
  3. Pulmonary arteries branch into lobar arteries (one for each lobe of the lung)
    a) These arteries branch into smaller and smaller arteries until ending at the capillary beds
  4. Capillary surround the Alveoli where the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide occurs
  5. The capillaries form venules which merged to form veins
    a) The veins merge until forming for pulmonary veins (two from each lung)
    b) All for veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium
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41
Q

In systemic circulation arteries carry ——– blood and veins carry ——— blood

A

In systemic circulation arteries carry oxygen rich blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood

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42
Q

pulmonary arteries carry ——blood to the lungs

pulmonary veins carry —-

A

however pulmonary arteries carry oxygen poor blood to the lungs
Once oxygenated pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood back to the heart for distribution to the body

43
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Supplies oxygen and nutrients to organs and removes waste
Involves both arteries and veins
All systemic arteries arise either directly or indirectly from the aorta

44
Q

Systemic circulation :

Aorta originates in the left ventricle and is divided into three regions and branches into several major arteries

A

Sending aorta

The aortic arch

Descending aorta

45
Q

Sending aorta

A

rises a few centimetres above the left ventricle

Right and left coronary arteries branch off the ascending aorta to supply blood to the myocardium

46
Q

The aortic arch

A

curves over the heart and turns downward behind the heart making an inverted U-shape

The aortic arch branches into three major arteries they include the:
Brachiocephalic artery
Common carotid artery:
Left subclavian artery:

47
Q

Brachiocephalic artery:
Common carotid artery:
Left subclavian artery:

A

Brachiocephalic artery: which through it’s branches supplies blood to the head and right arm

Common carotid artery: extends into the neck

Left subclavian artery: supplies blood to the left shoulder and upper arm

48
Q

Descending aorta

A

travels downward dorsal to the heart through the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Call the thoracic aorta above the diaphragm in the abdominal aorta below the diaphragm

The abdominal aorta branches into the right and left common iliac arteries
Common iliac arteries supply blood to the lower pelvis and leg

49
Q

Peripheral Arteries

A

All systematic arteries arise either directly or indirectly from the aorta

The thoracic aorta and its branches supply the chest wall in the organs within the thoracic cavity

50
Q

The abdominal aorta gives rise to the:

A

Celiac trunk

renal arteries

superior mesenteric artery

inferior mesenteric artery

51
Q

Celiac trunk

renal arteries

superior mesenteric artery

inferior mesenteric artery

A

Celiac trunk: which divides into the gastric artery(supplies the stomach) the splenic artery (supplies the spleen) and the hepatic artery (supplies the liver)

Renal arteries: supply the kidneys

Superior mesenteric artery: supplies most of the small intestine and part of the large intestine

Inferior mesenteric artery: supplies the other part of the large intestine

52
Q

The distal end of the abdominal aorta splits into…

A

the right and left common iliac arteries

53
Q

Common iliac arteries

A

supply the pelvic organs thigh and lower extremities

54
Q

Major arteries branching off the iliac arteries include the:

A 
Internal iliac artery 
External iliac artery 
Femoral artery 
Popliteal artery 
Anterior tibial artery 
Posterior tibial artery 
Dorsalis pedis artery
55
Q

Branching off the aortic arch is the:

A

Subclavian artery: supplies blood to the arm

Axillary artery: is the continuation of the subclavian artery in the auxiliary region

Brachial artery: the continuation of the axillary artery in the artery most often used for routine blood pressure measurement

Radial artery: which is often palpated to measure pulse

56
Q

Two artery supplies blood to the brain

A

external carotid

internal carotid

57
Q

The vertebral arteries arise from…

A

the right and left subclavian arteries

each extends up the neck through the cervical vertebrae and enters the cranium

58
Q

The right common carotid artery arises from

the left common carotid arises from

A

the brachiocephalic

the aortic arch

59
Q

At the level of Adams apple each common carotid branches into…

A

the external carotid artery and the internal carotid artery

60
Q

external carotid artery

A

supplies most of the external head structures

61
Q

Internal carotid

A

enters a cranial cavity and supplies to Orbits and 80% of the cerebrum

62
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Circle of Willis is the circle of arteries which helps to ensure that the brain receives an adequate supply of blood

63
Q

Peripheral Veins

A

Vein strain blood from the organs and other parts of the body and carry it to the vena cava which delivers it to the hearts right atrium

64
Q

Superior vena cava(SVC)

A

which receives blood from the head, shoulders, and arms

65
Q

Inferior vena cava(IVC)

A

which receives blood from the lower part of the body

66
Q

Most of the blood of the Head and neck is drained by the

A

internal jugular, external jugular and vertebral veins

67
Q

The great saphenous vein

A

longest vein in the body and is often harvested for use as graphs in coronary artery bypass surgery

68
Q

The internal jugular

A

receives most of the blood from the brain as well as from the face

It merges into the subclavian vein and becomes the brachiocephalic vein which drains into the superior vena cava

69
Q

External jugular vein

A

more superficial, drains blood from the scalp, facial muscles and other superficial structures

It also drains into the subclavian vein

70
Q

The vertebral vein

A

drains the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord and some of the muscles of the neck

71
Q

Hepatic Portal Circulation

A

Veins from the digestive organs and spleen don’t empty into the inferior vena cava rather they said their blood through the hepatic portal vein to the liver

72
Q

how hectic portal circulation works

A
  1. Blood from the capillaries of the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder and intestines flows into superior mesenteric vein in the splenic vein which converge to form the portal vein
  2. The portal vein channels blood into the liver the blood is the distributed to the innumerable microscopic sinusoids (capillaries of the liver)
  3. Blood flows out of the sinusoids into the hepatic veins and from there into the inferior vena cava where it is returned to the heart
73
Q

The purpose of the circulatory system

A

to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove waste

74
Q

As blood moves away from the heart blood pressure…

A

declines until it’s in the vena cava about 1 mm Hg

75
Q

Blood pressure

A

the force exerted by the blood against the vessel wall

Blood pressure is determined by three factors cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance

76
Q

cardiac output effect on blood pressure

A

Increase CO =Increase BP

Decreased CO=Decrease BP

77
Q

blood volume effect on blood pressure

A

Decrease volume=Decrease BP

Increase volume=Increase BP

78
Q

resistance effect on blood pressure

A

Increase resistance=Decrease flow and increase pressure

Decrease resistance=Increase flow and decrease pressure

79
Q

Peripheral Resistance

A

The resistance to blood flow resulting from the friction of blood against the walls of vessels

The amount of friction depends on the viscosity of the blood in the diameter of a blood vessel

80
Q

Blood viscosity

A

Viscosity refers to thickness or stickiness of blood the greater the viscosity the slower the flow vice versa

The chief cause an increase blood viscosity is an increased Number of red blood cells but it may also result from an increased amount of protein or dehydration

81
Q

Vessel Diameter

A

The muscular layer of arterials allows them to constrict or dilate changing the amount of resistance to blood flow

Because blood viscosity remain stable and healthy individuals adjusting the diameter of vessels is the bodys before a controlling person or resistance and blood pressure

82
Q

Vasomotion

A

adjusting the diameter of blood vessels

83
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

production of the diameter of a vessel

Increases the resistance to blood flow because blood is being squeezed into a smaller space pressure rises

The amount of blood allowed to enter the vessels reduced blood flow into tissue decreases

84
Q

Vasodilation

A

an increase in vessel diameter caused by the reaction of vascular muscles

Decreases resistance to blood flow blood pressure declines and blood flow into tissue increases

85
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A buildup of plaque in arterial walls that obstructs the opening and causes the arterial wall to deteriorate

86
Q

Autoregulation

A

Refers to an organ’s ability to address blood flow with neutral or hormonal influence

87
Q

Nitric oxide

A

is a powerful vasodilator secreted by endothelial cells which is used when tissues demand more blood

88
Q

Endothelin’s

A

are powerful polypeptides vasoconstrictors

89
Q

Reactive hyperemia

A

After being temporarily blocked blood flow to an area often dramatically increases

90
Q

Neural Regulation of Blood Pressure

A

blood vessels also respond to input from the autonomic nervous system

91
Q

Baroreceptors

A

in the carotid sinus and Eric arch detect changes in blood pressure and transmit signals along the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to the cardiac control center in the vasomotor center in the medulla

92
Q

The vasomotor center

A

an area of the medulla in the brain sends impulses via the autonomic nervous system to alter blood vessel diameter and therefore blood pressure

93
Q

If pressure is too high what does the medulla do

A

medulla increases its output of parasympathetic impulses

Basil dilation occurs heart rate and stroke volume decreases

Blood pressure drops

94
Q

If pressure is too low what does the medulla do

A

The medulla increases its output of sympathetic impulses

Vasoconstriction occurs heart rate and stroke volume increase

Blood pressure rises

95
Q

Renin, angiotensin I and angiotensin II

A

Raises BP

Cause vasoconstriction and water retention through an interactive mechanism

96
Q

Aldosterone

A

raises BP

Secreted by the adrenal medulla when blood pressure falls

Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium

97
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone ADH

A

raises BP

Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland when the water content of the body falls

Promote vasoconstriction and water retention

98
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

raises BP

Credit by the adrenal medulla when the body is under stress

Cause vasoconstriction

Increases heart rate and force of contraction (epinephrine only)

99
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

raises BP

Released by the heart atria when elevated blood pressure stretches the walls of the heart

Causes vasodilation

Stimulates the kidneys to excrete sodium and therefore water reducing blood volume

100
Q

Venous Return

A

After making its way through the arterial system blood must return to the heart

Because gravity pulls blood into the legs and away from the heart whatever someone stands veins must fight before to gravity to deliver blood back to the heart

101
Q

Mechanisms aid in Venous return:

A

the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump

102
Q

Skeletal Muscle Pump

A

Muscles surrounding leg veins aid in venous return

Leg muscles contract a massage the veins in the legs propelling blood towards the heart

The valves in veins and share blood flows upward toward the heart

When the muscles relax blood flows backward pulled by the force of gravity

Blood puddles in valve flaps keeping the valve closed and preventing further backward flow

103
Q

Respiratory Pump

A

The process of breathing also promotes the flow venous blood in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

During inhalation the chest expands in the diaphragm moves downward this causes the pressure in the chest cavity to drop and the pressure in the abdominal cavity to rise

The rising abdominal pressure squeezes the inferior vena cava forcing blood upward toward the thorax

Lower pressure in the thorax helps draw blood towards the heart

Valves in the veins in the legs ensure that blood doesn’t flow backward

APHY 164 (10 decks)

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