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APHY 164 > AnP Chapter 18 (LO5) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 18 (LO5) Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work closely together to provide the body with…

A

oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Respiratory system 3 roles

A

Influences sound production in speech

Makes sense of smell and makes taste possible

Helps the body maintain homeostasis through a regulation of acid base balance

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3
Q

respiratory two tracts

A

upper respiratory

lower respiratory

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4
Q

The upper respiratory tract 3 purposes

A

warm and humidify inspired air

responsible for senses of smell and taste

swallowing food

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5
Q

The upper respiratory tract consists of

A

above the larynx

nose and nasal cavities

pharynx

larynx

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6
Q

Functionally the respiratory system also includes

A

the oral cavity
rib cage
respiratory muscles

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7
Q

nose and nasal cavities function in respiratory system

A

air enters and leaves the respiratory system through the nose

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8
Q

nose and nasal cavity: cilia

A

filter out dust and largen foreign particles

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9
Q

nose and nasal cavity: palate

A

bony structure that separates the nasal cavity from the mouth

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10
Q

nose and nasal cavity: septum

A

a vertical plate of bone and cartilage that separates the cavity into two halves

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11
Q

nose and nasal cavity: conchae and turbinates

A

bones create narrow passages ensuring that most air contacts and mucous membranes on the way through

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12
Q

sphenoid sinus and paranasal sinuses purpose

A

drain mucous into the nasal cavity

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13
Q

Pharynx

A

tube aka throat

Located posterior to oral cavity - extends from the soft palate to the hyoid bone

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14
Q

3 sections of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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15
Q

nasopharynx:

A

extends from the posterior nares to the soft palate

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16
Q

Oropharynx

A

the space between the soft palate and the base of the tongue

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17
Q

what does the oropharynx consist of

A

Palatine tonsils

lingual tonsils found at the base of the tongue

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18
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

passes dorsal to the laryngopharynx to the oesophagus

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19
Q

what passes through nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

Only air through nasopharynx

Food and air through oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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20
Q

Larynx

A

Chamber formed by the walls of cartilage and muscle; often called the voice box

connects the pharynx and trachea

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21
Q

3 functions of larynx

A

It prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea

acts as an air passage between the pharynx and trachea

Produce sound

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22
Q

what is the larynx formed of

A

9 pieces of cartilage

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23
Q

Epiglottis:

A

closes over the top of the larynx during swallowing to direct food and liquids into the esophagus

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24
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

is the largest piece of cartilage known as the Adam’s Apple

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25
Q

Vestibular folds:

A

superior pair of folds

No role in speech

They close the glottis during swallowing

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26
Q

Vocal cords

A

produces sound when air passes over them during exhalation

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27
Q

Glottis

A

the opening between the vocal cords

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28
Q

what does the larynx contain

A 
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
vestibular folds
vocal cords
glottis
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29
Q

what are Conduction and Respiratory Zones

A

The respiratory tract can be divided into conduction and respiratory zones.

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30
Q

The  conduction zone  includes:

A 
Nose 
Pharynx 
Larynx 
Trachea 
Bronchi 
Terminal bronchioles
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31
Q

The  respiratory zone  includes:

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

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32
Q

conduction system

A

is a series of pipes that carry air to the alveoli where gas exchange takes place

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33
Q

5 Functions of the Nose

A
  1. Airway for respiration
  2. moistens and warms air
  3. filters and cleans air
  4. smell
  5. speech
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34
Q

Olfactory cells

A

located in the upper part of the nasal chamber detect odors and transmit impulses to the brain

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35
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

air-filled cavities that connect to the nasal cavity.

They are lined with ciliated epithelial cells and mucus-producing goblet cells.

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36
Q

goblet cells

A

mucus producing cells

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37
Q

functions of paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten the skull
Resonance chambers
Warm and moisten air

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38
Q

Four Sinuses:

A

Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal

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39
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

A

the epithelial lining of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

This lining produces mucus which helps with filtering and humidifying the air we breathe

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40
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract consist of

A

Consists of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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41
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

Gas exchange occurs deep within the lungs

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42
Q

what do The trachea and bronchi distribute

A

air to the interior of the lungs

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43
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe

Lies just in front of the esophagus

divides into right and left bronchi

4.5 inches long and 1 inch wide

Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells

C shaped rings of cartilage encircle the trachea to reinforce it and keep it from collapsing

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44
Q

Bronchial tree consists of

A 
primary branch
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alvelar sacs
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45
Q

Primary bronchi

A

are supported by C shaped rings of cartilage

Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi

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46
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

one for each lungs lobe

Secondary branch into tertiary bronchi

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47
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

18

irregular cartilaginous rings disappear

Tertiary bronchi branch to bronchioles

Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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48
Q

terminal Bronchioles

A

less than 1 mm wide

No cartilage

lined by nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

bronchial tree ends

Bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles

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49
Q

Alveolar ducts:

A

thin walled passages

Respiratory bronchioles divide to form

lead into alveolar sacs and finally alveoli

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50
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

clusters of alveoli, primary structures for gas exchange

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51
Q

Alveoli

A

within the alveoli that gas change occurs

composed of two types of epithelial cells) with elastic tissue

separated from one another by a thin layer of tissue

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52
Q

Deoxygenated blood flows into alveoli through

Oxygenated blood leaves Alveoli via

A

pulmonary arterioles

pulmonary venules

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53
Q

what encases each alveolus

A

a massive pulmonary capillary

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54
Q

what happens once Once alveoli are filled with oxygen

A

crosses the respiratory membrane and moves into red blood cells

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55
Q

Hilum

A

opening on the lungs medial surface where are the primary bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels enter each lung

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56
Q

Right lung

A

Shorter broader and larger than left
Has three lobes the superior, middle, and inferior
Handles 55% of the gas exchange
Contains two fissures: horizontal fissure and oblique fissure

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57
Q

Left lung

A

Only has two lobes the superior and inferior

Cardiac notch that accommodates the heart

Handle’s 45% of gas exchange

Contains one fissure: oblique fissure

58
Q

Visceral pleura

A

a serous membrane that covers the surface of long

59
Q

Parietal pleura

A

entire thoracic cavity

60
Q

Pleural cavity

A

the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

61
Q

Fluid in the pleural cavity serves 2 purposes

A

Lubricates the pleural surfaces

Creates a pressure gradient that assists lung inflation

62
Q

macrophage

A

(dust cell) – wanders around ingesting foreign material – “cleaning crew” of the lungs

63
Q

pleural

A

enclose and protect lungs

64
Q

where are the following in the lungs:

  • base
  • apex
  • cardiac notch
A

Base - Concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

Apex - Narrow superior tip of the lung, just behind the clavicle

Cardiac Notch - A concave impression in the medial aspect of the left lung which accommodates for the heart

65
Q

mediastinum 

A

a structure containing the heart, great vessels, esophagus, and trachea

66
Q

define;

Pulmonary ventilation:
Inspiration:
Expiration:
Respiratory cycle:

A

Pulmonary ventilation: breathing

Inspiration: the repetitive process of inhaling

Expiration: the repetitive process of exhaling

Respiratory cycle: one inspiration and one expiration

67
Q

Diaphragm

A

The main muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation

68
Q

Inspiration how it works

A

External intercostal: muscles pull the ribs upward and outward, widening the thoracic cavity

Internal intercostals: help elevate the ribs

Diaphragm: contracts, flattened, and drops, pressing the abdominal organs downward and enlarging the thoracic cavity

Air rushes into equalize pressure

69
Q

expiration how it works

A

The intercostal muscles relax, pulling the ribs downward

The diaphragm relaxes bulging upward and pressing against the base of the lungs, reducing the size of the thoracic cavity

Air is pushed out of the lungs

70
Q

Accessory muscles of respiration:

deep inspiration
Forced expiration

A

deep inspiration: muscles of the neck and the chest contract to help elevate the chest

Forced expiration: the rectus abdominis and external abdominal oblique’s contract to pull down the lower ribs and sternum as the internal intercostals pull the other ribs downward
This reduces chest size to expel air more rapidly

71
Q

where are the respiratory centers responsible for automatic unconscious breathing

A

found in the medulla and pons

72
Q

what muscles are used for breathing

A

skeletal muscles

73
Q

The medulla contains two interconnected centers that control breathing:

A

Inspiratory center

Expiratory center

74
Q

Inspiratory center

A

the primary respiratory center

it controls inspiration and indirectly expiration

75
Q

how the inspiratory CENTER works

A
  1. The inspiratory center send impulses to the intercostal muscles
  2. The inspiratory muscles contract causing inhalation
  3. Nerve output then ceases abruptly causing inspiratory muscles to relax
    - –The elastic recoil of the thoracic cage produces exhalation
76
Q

The pons contain two centers that can influence basic breathing rhythm

A

apneustic center and Pneumotaxic center

77
Q

apneustic center

A

stimulates the inspiratory center the inspiratory center to increase the length and depth of inspiration re to increase the length and depth of inspiration

78
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

inhibits both that apneustic center and the inspiratory center; this contributes to a normal breathing rhythm and prevents over inflation of the lungs

79
Q

Expiratory center:

A

send impulses to the abdominal and other accessory muscles when more forceful exhalations are needed

80
Q

————- allows you to voluntarily change your breathing rate or rhythm

A

cerebral cortex

81
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

the weight of the air around us

It drives respiration

82
Q

inspiration

A

when pressure within the lungs drop lower than atmospheric pressure air flows from the area of higher pressure (outside the body) to an area of lower pressure (the lungs)

Active process

83
Q

Expiration

A

when pressure within the lungs rises above atmospheric pressure air flows out of the lungs until two pressures equalize

Passive process

84
Q

how inspiration works

A
  1. The intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribs up and out; the diaphragm contracts and moves downward.
    - —–This enlarges the chest cavity in all directions
  2. The lungs expand along with the chest because of the two layers of pleurae
    - —Parietal pleurae is firmly attached to ribs
    - —Visceral pleura covers the lungs
    - —Intrapleural pressure: the potential space between the two pleurae maintains a pressure slightly less than atmospheric pressure (negative pressure)
    - —–The visceral follows the parietal, pulling the lung with it
  3. When the lungs expand, the volume of air in the lungs spreads throughout the enlarging space causing the intraplumonic pressure to drop
    - —-intraplumonic pressure: pressure within the bronchi and alveoli
    - —-When intraplumonic pressure drops lower than atmospheric pressure air flows down the pressure gradient into the lungs
85
Q

Expiration

A
  1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax in the thoracic cage springs back to its original size
  2. The lungs are compressed by the thoracic cage
  3. Intrapulmonary pressure rises
  4. Air flows down the pressure gradient and out of the lungs
86
Q

Boyles law

A

a given volume of gas will exert more pressure in a smaller space than it will in a larger space

decrease volume=increase pressure

increase volume=decrease pressure

87
Q

Factors affecting airflow

A

Determined by resistance the greater the resistance the slower the flow

88
Q

Factors that affect resistance

A

bronchioles, pulmonary compliance, and alveolar surface tension

89
Q

Bronchodilation

A

an increase in diameter of a bronchiole

Triggered by Epinephrine and sympathetic nerves

90
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

a reduction in diameter of a bronchiole

Triggered by parasympathetic nerves as well as histamine, cold air and chemical irritants

91
Q

Pulmonary compliance

A

Refers to the elasticity of lung tissue

Ventilation can’t occur unless the lungs and thorax can stretch and recoil

Some diseases such as tuberculosis or black lung disease cause scarring which makes the lungs stiffer

92
Q

Alveolar Surface Tension

A

The inner surface of each alveoli is covered with a thin film of water causing the inside of the Alveolus to move toward each other creating a force that will collapse the alveoli

If alveoli collapse gas exchange can’t occur

93
Q

Surfactant

A

a lipoprotein secreted by alveolar cells that disrupts the electrical attraction between water molecules

this lowers the surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse

94
Q

Tidal volume

A

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during the quiet breathing

95
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air inhaled using maximum effort after normal inspiration

96
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be exhaled after normal expiration using maximum effort

1300ml of air usually remain in lungs

97
Q

Residual volume

A

the 1300 ML of air that remains in the lungs ensures that gas exchange continues even between breaths

98
Q

Vital capacity

A

the amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with the deepest possible breath

The tidal volume combined with the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes

99
Q

Total lung capacity

A

the maximum amount of air that the lungs can contain

the maximum amount of air that the lungs can contain

100
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

the 150 mL of air that remains in the conducting airways instead of the alveoli

101
Q

why do variations in breathing occur

A

because of respiratory centres receive input from a number of sensory receptors throughout the body alerting it to the bodies changing needs

102
Q

what is the primary regulator of respiration

A

Carbon dioxide because it can easily cross the blood brain barrier

103
Q

influencers on breathing: oxygen

sensory receptor?
action?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors (located in the carotid and aortic bodies)

Low blood levels of oxygen cause peripheral chemoreceptors to send impulses to the medulla to increase the rate and depth of respiration’s bringing more air and oxygen into the lungs

104
Q

influencers on breathing: hydrogen ions

sensory receptor?
action?

A

Central chemoreceptors
(located in the brain stem)

—Central chemoreceptors monitor the pH of cerebrospinal fluid CSF which mirrors the level of carbon dioxide in the blood

—Falling pH levels indicate an excess of carbon dioxide

—When this occurs central chemoreceptors signal respiratory centres to increase the rate and depth of breathing allowing the body to blow off excess carbon dioxide raising the pH

105
Q

influencers on breathing: stretch

sensory receptor?
action?

A

Receptors in the lungs and chest wall

—Hering-Breuer reflex: as the lungs insight during inspiration, receptors detect the stretching in signal the respiratory centres to exhale and inhibit inspiration

—Prevents lung damage from over inflation

106
Q

influencers on breathing: pain/emotion

sensory receptor?
action?

A

Hypothalamus and limbic system

–These areas of the brain send signals that affect breathing in response to pain and emotions

107
Q

influencers on breathing: irritants (smoking, dust, etc.)

sensory receptor?
action?

A

Nerve cells in the airway

–Nerve cells respond to irritant by signalling the respiratory muscles to contract, resulting in a cough or sneeze

–Coughing or sneezing propels air rapidly from the lungs helping to remove the offending substance

108
Q

biot respirations

A

Abrupt, irregular breathing pattern in which periods of apnoea alternate with periods of breathing better consistent in rate and depth

often results from increase in cranial pressure

109
Q

apnea

A

Temporary cessation of breathing

110
Q

Bradypnea

A

Abnormally slow breathing

111
Q

Cheyne- strokes respirations

A

Cyclical breathing pattern that begins with an increase in rate and depth of respirations followed by a gradual decreasing rate and depth of respirations culminating in a short period of apnea before repeating

Often seen in terminally ill or brain-damaged adults

112
Q

Dyspnea

A

Laboured or difficult breathing

113
Q

Eupnea

A

Relaxed, quiet breathing

114
Q

Hypernea

A

Increased rate of breathing

Maybe Physiological or maybe Pathological

115
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased rate of respirations resulting in lower blood levels of carbon dioxide

Often results from anxiety

116
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Reduced rate and depth of respirations

Resulting in increase blood levels of carbon dioxide

117
Q

Kussmaul respiration

A

Very deep, gasping respirations associated with diabetic ketoacidosis

118
Q

Orthopnea

A

Laboured breathing that occurs when a person is lying flat but improves when standing or sitting up

a classic symptom of left ventricular heart failure

119
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing

120
Q

Gas exchange

A

depends on differences in pressure

121
Q

Goal of respiration is

A

the delivery of oxygen to organs and tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide

122
Q

The air we breathe has a total atmospheric pressure of

A

760 MMHG

123
Q

The atmosphere consist of –% nitrogen, –% oxygen, –% carbon dioxide, and about –% other gases

A

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide, and about 1% other gases

124
Q

Partial pressure

A

the contribution of a single gas in any mixture of gases

Symbolized by the letter P followed by the formula for the gas

The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide vary between the air we breathe, the alveoli, arterial blood, and venous blood

125
Q

Process of Gas Exchange

A

Inspired Air has a PO2 of 159 and a PC02 of 0.3

When it arrives at the alveoli, Air has a PO2 of 104 and a PC02 of 40

On the other side of the Alveoli’s thin membrane are pulmonary capillaries containing blood with a PO2 of 40 and a PCO2 of 46

The differences in partial pressures of O2 and CO2 on either side of the respiratory membrane cause O2 to move out of the alveoli and into the capillaries and CO2 to move out of the capillaries into the alveoli

Blood in the capillaries now has a PO2 of 100 and a PCO2 of 40

This oxygen enriched blood travels to the hearts left ventricle where it is pumped to the bodies tissues

Meanwhile cells in the bodies tissues have been using oxygen for energy production and producing CO2 as a byproduct
–The fluid surrounding the cells has a PO2 of 40 and a PCO2 of 46

When the blood from the left ventricle (PO2 of 100) arrives at the tissues (PO2 of 40) oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into the tissues
–Simultaneously carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues (PCO2 of 46) and into the blood (PCO2 of 40)

126
Q

Ventilation perfusion coupling

A

the ratio between the amount of air flowing into the alveolus (ventilation) and the flow of blood through the capillaries (perfusion)

127
Q

If a portion of the lung has poor airflow oxygen levels in the blood vessels serving that area fall

A

In response pulmonary vessels in that area constrict

This redirect blood to better ventilation alveoli where blood cells can upload oxygen

128
Q

If a portion of the lung has good airflow oxygen levels in the blood vessels rise

A

This causes pulmonary vessels in that area to dilate

In turn blood flow to the area increases providing more blood cells to take up the abundance of available oxygen

129
Q

When systematic arteries experience a lack of oxygen

A

vessels dilate to allow more blood flows into the area

This occurs when available blood flow changes to allow blood cells to take up oxygen

Systematically this occurs when blood flow changes to allow the delivery of oxygen to areas that need it most

130
Q

Factors affecting gas exchange: adequate airway

Potential disruption

A

A foreign body, tumour or obstruction can block the airflow in an airway

Certain diseases such as asthma chronic bronchitis Can narrow airways limiting airflow

131
Q

Factors affecting gas exchange: adequate respiratory

Potential disruption

A

Anything that diminishes the respiratory rate less than the amount of oxygen entering the blood

132
Q

Factors affecting gas exchange: adequate alveolar surface area

Potential disruption

A

Some disorders can cause the alveoli to fill with something other than air

Less Air in the alveoli means less oxygenation

Other disorders decrease the function surface area of the lungs making less area for gas stay fusion and blood oxygen levels decline

133
Q

Factors affecting gas exchange: Pressure gradient between oxygen and alveolar air and oxygen in pulmonary blood

Potential disruption

A

At high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air is less then at sea level

As a result alveolar PO2 decreased and less oxygen enters the blood

134
Q

Factors affecting gas exchange: Complaint lung tissue

Potential disruption

A

Certain lung disorders caused lung tissue to stiffen which impairs the ability of alveoli to expand and fill with air

135
Q

Factors affecting gas exchange: Adequate blood supply

Potential disruption

A

Diminish supply blood to the alveoli means that fear blood cells are available to take up oxygen

136
Q

how blood transports oxygen

A

Oxyhemoglobin: In the lungs oxygen forms a weak bond with the iron portion of hemoglobin

Oxyhemoglobin travels through the circulatory system to tissue cells

Once there is a difference in pH between the arterial and venous blood is enough to break the bond between the oxygen and hemoglobin

The oxygen is released to the tissues

137
Q

Oxygen saturation

A

the number of oxygen molecules hemoglobin takes up

Varies depending on partial pressure of oxygen

138
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen

A

Depending on the amount of oxygen dissolved in the surrounding fluid

139
Q

how blood transports carbon dioxide

A

3 ways

  1. About 10% is dissolved in the plasma
  2. Another 20% is bound to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin
    - —-Hemoglobin can transport both O2 and CO2 at the same time because they buy in two different sites on the hemoglobin molecule
  3. The vast majority about 70% is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
    - —when CO2 dissolved in plasma it reacts with water in the plasma to form carbonic acid
    - –Carbonic acid that dissolves into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
140
Q

Hemoglobin has a strong affinity for ————– than it does for ————-

A

Hemoglobin has a strong affinity for carbon monoxide than it does for oxygen

APHY 164 (10 decks)

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