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APHY 164 > AnP Chapter 2 (LO2) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 2 (LO2) Flashcards

1
Q

96% of the body consists of

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen

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2
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space

Can either be elements or compounds

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3
Q

Elements

A

pure substances

Can’t be broken down or decomposed into 2 or more substances

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4
Q

Compounds:

A

chemical combinations of 2 or more elements

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5
Q

how many elements known to exist? how many are in the body?

A

Of the 92 elements known to exist in nature 24 are in the body

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6
Q

Major elements

A

98.5% of the body’s weight

Oxygen 
Carbon 
Hydrogen 
Nitrogen 
Calcium 
Phosphorus
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7
Q

Lesser elements

A

Make up 0.8% of the body’s weight

Sulfur 
Potassium 
Sodium 
Chlorine 
Magnesium 
Iron
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8
Q

Trace elements

A

Make up just 0.7% of body’s weight but necessary for proper function

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9
Q

ATOMS

A

Consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons

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10
Q

PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

A

Found in nucleus

No 2 elements have same number of protons

Number of protons equals atomic number

Number of protons plus neutrons equals atomic weight

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11
Q

ELECTRONS

A

Found around nucleus
It’s negative charge cancels out the protons positive

Each electron ring represents one energy level

Each ring can hold a certain max # of electrons

The ring closest to the nucleus can hold 2 the rest can hold 8

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12
Q

ISOTOPES

A

Same number of protons but different number of neurons

Some isotopes are unstable

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13
Q

Radioisotopes

A

unstable isotopes break down or decay and emit radioactivity radiation

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14
Q

CHEMICAL BONDS

A

Atoms with full shell are stable

Unstable atoms lose or gain electrons to become stable

Chemical bonds result in a molecule

3 types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent and hydrogen

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15
Q

Valence electrons

A

outer electron shell

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16
Q

IONIC BONDS

A

Formed when one atom transfers an electron from it’s outer shell to another atom

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17
Q

Ions:

A

electrically charged atom

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18
Q

Cations

A

atoms with a positive charge

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19
Q

Anions

A

atoms with a negative charge

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20
Q

IONIZATION

A

Positively or negatively charged ions solution created by ionic bonds breaking and dissolving (disassociate) in the water

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21
Q

Electrolytes

A

solution capable of conducting electricity

Electrolytes are crucial for heart nerve and muscle function; the distribution of water in the body and the occurrence of chemical reactions

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22
Q

Major electrolytes in the body include:

A

Calcium chloride
Magnesium chloride
Potassium chloride
Sodium bicarbonate

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23
Q

COVALENT BONDS

A

Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons as they attempt to fill their outer shell ex: H2

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24
Q

Double covalent bonds

A

atoms are bound together through sharing of 2 electrons ex: c02

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25
Q

HYDROGEN BONDS

A

Weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative 02 or N2 atom in another

O2 shares 2 elements with H’s resulting in 4 electrons in it’s outer shell giving h20 a partial negative charge

The 2 hydrogen atoms create a slight positive

H20 is polar

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26
Q

Polar

A

electrically neutral but has uneven # of electrons

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27
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work; to put matter into motion example in the body moving a muscle or a blood cell

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28
Q

Potential energy

A

energy stored in the bonds of molecules.

The energy has the potential to do work; it’s just not doing work at the moment

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29
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy in motion; chemical reactions release the energy and make it available for the body to use

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30
Q

Radiant energy

A

heat resulting from molecular motion

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31
Q

Electrical energy

A

can be potential energy or kinetic energy

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32
Q

Metabolism:

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body

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33
Q

Catabolism

A

Involves breaking down complex compounds (large food) into simpler ones

The breaking of chemical bonds releases energy

Some of the released energy is in heat form, helps maintain body temp

Most of it is transferred to a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which then transfers the energy to the cells

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34
Q

Anabolism

A

Involves building larger and more complex chemical molecules (such as carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids) from smaller subunits

Anabolic chemical reactions require energy input

The energy needed for anabolic reactions

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35
Q

chemical reactions

A

Involves the formation or breaking of chemical bonds

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36
Q

Synthesis reaction and example

A

2 or more substances combine to form a complex substance because new bonds are formed energy is required

A+B —> AB
Ex) production of collagen rich scar tissue in a healing wound

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37
Q

Decomposition

A

a complex substance breaks down into 2 or more simpler substances because bonds are broken, energy is released; this energy can be released in the form of heat or stored for future use

AB —> A+B
Ex) breakdown of a complex nutrient within a cell to release energy for other cellular functions

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38
Q

Exchange

A

two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms which form two new compounds

AB+CD –>AC+BD
Ex) when hydrochloric acid (HCL) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03) meet in the small intestine, the sodium and chloride atoms exchange, producing salt and bicarbonate NaHC03 + HCL –> NaCl + H2C03

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39
Q

REVERSABLE REACTIONS

A

Can go in either direction under different circumstances
These are symbolized by arrows pointed in both directions A+B AB
Always proceed from the side with the greater quantity of reactants

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40
Q

Factors that affect reaction rates: Temperature

A

heat speeds up molecular movement, increasing the frequency and force of collisions between molecules

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41
Q

Factors that affect reaction rates: Concentrations

A

in concentrated solutions, molecules are more densely packed increasing their rate of Collison

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42
Q

Factors that affect reaction rates: Catalysts

A

there are chemical substances that speed up the rate of a reaction

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43
Q

Factors that affect reaction rates: Enzymes

A

protein catalysts

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44
Q

most metabolic reactions inside cells are controlled by:

A

enzymes

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45
Q

Organic compounds

A

compounds containing carbon

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46
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

simple molecules without carbon

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47
Q

water

A

50% or more of an adults body weight is water

Exists within and around cells

Essential component of blood

Water has a number of characteristics that make it essential for life

48
Q

Solvent:

A

dissolves more substances than any other liquid

49
Q

How it works in the body (water): solvent

A

Because of its polar nature, water can ionize, or break down, large chemical compounds and then transport them to the body’s cells

50
Q

How it works in the body (water): lubricant

A

H20 clinging to the pleural and pericardial membranes help reduce friction as the lungs and heart expand and contract and fluid in joints help prevent friction

51
Q

h20 as Lubricant

A

clings to the body’s tissues and form a lubricating film on membranes

52
Q

h20 temp characteristic

A

Changes temp slowly

53
Q

How it works in the body (water): Changes temp slowly

A

Allows the body to maintain a stable body temp. it allows the body to “cool off” when sweat changes from a liquid to a vapour, it carries with it layer amount of heat

54
Q

BODY FLUIDS

A

Fluids in the body consist of chemicals dissolved or suspended in H20

55
Q

Compound

A

when 2 or more elements combine to create a new substance that has its own chemical properties

56
Q

Mixture

A

results when two or more substances blend together rather than chemically combine. Each substance can be separated

57
Q

3 TYPES OF MIXTURES

A

solution

colloid

suspension

58
Q

Solution

A

consists of particles of matter, called the solute, dissolved in a more abundant substance usually H20 called the solvent

Can be solid, gas or liquid

Solvent must be clear with no particles visible and can’t separate when the solution is allowed to stand ex) sugar in water, glucose in blood

59
Q

Colloid

A

can change from liquid to a gel

usually mixtures of protein and water

mixture is cloudy

ex) gelatin, thyroid hormone

60
Q

Suspension

A

contain large particles, making the suspension cloudy or even opaque

If allowed to stand, the particles will separate and settle at the bottom of the container ex) salad dressing, blood cells in plasma

61
Q

Cellular respirations

A

the production of energy within cells

62
Q

Organic

A

compounds containing carbon

63
Q

4 major organic substances

A

carbs, lipids, protein and nucleic acids

64
Q

CARBOHYDRATES

A

Body’s main energy source

Metabolism breaks down carbs to release stored energy

Consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

consist of units of sugar called saccharide units

Carbs are classified according to the length of their sugar units as being either monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides

65
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES (C6H1206)

A

Contains one sugar unit
3 primary monosaccharides

glucose
fructose
galactose

66
Q

Glucose

A

the primary source of energy used by most of the body’s cells

67
Q

Fructose

A

found in fruit; it’s converted to glucose in the body

68
Q

Galactose

A

found n dairy products; it’s also converted to glucose in the body

69
Q

DISACCHARIDES

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose

70
Q

Sucrose:

A

(table sugar) = glucose and fructose

71
Q

Lactose:

A

(milk sugar)= glucose and galactose

72
Q

Maltose:

A

(found in germinating wheat)= glucose and glucose

73
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

A

Consists of many sugar units joined together

Commonly called complex carbs, polysaccharides include:
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

74
Q

Glycogen

A

the stored form of glucose

When glucose levels are high the liver converts excess glucose into glycogen. When levels drop the liver converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it into the blood

Muscles store glycogen to meet energy needs

75
Q

Starch

A

the form which plants store polysaccharides

-when consumed, digestive enzymes split the starch molecule, releasing glucose

76
Q

cellulose

A

produced by plant cells as part of cell walls

  • humans can’t digest cellulose and therefore don’t obtain energy or nutrients from it
  • cellulose supplies fiber in the diet, which helps more materials through intestines
77
Q

LIPIDS

A

mostly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

They’re insoluble in H20

78
Q

major roles of lipids

A 
supply of energy 
Insulate 
Providing structure to cell membranes 
vitamins 
Cushion to protect organs
79
Q

TYPES OF LIPIDS

A

Triglycerides, steroids and phospholipids

80
Q

TRIGLYCERIDES

A

Most abundant lipid

source of energy

one molecule of glycerol combines with 3 fatty acids

Fats can be classified as saturated or unsaturated

81
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Consists of carbon that’s saturated with hydrogen

Form a solid mass at room temperature

Usually derived from animal sources

82
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Consists of carbon that’s not saturated with hydrogen

Liquid at room temperature (oil)

Derived mostly from plant sources

83
Q

STERIODS

A

Diverse group with variety of roles

cholesterol

84
Q

Cholesterol

A

most important steroid

  • precursor for other steroids
  • contributes to the formation of vitamin D
  • provides each cell with it’s 3D structure
  • required for proper nerve function
  • about 85% of cholesterol is synthesized in the liver the remaining 15% is consumed through diet
85
Q

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

A

Fat compounds similar to triglycerides except have a phosphate group in place of one of the fatty acids

Help form the structure of cell membranes

86
Q

PROTEINS

A

Most abundant and most important, organic compounds in the body

Structure of every cell and metabolic functions depend on proteins

87
Q

TYPES OF PROTEINS

A 
keratin
collagen
antibodies
enzymes
contractile protein
hemoglobin
insulin
amino acids
88
Q

Keratin

A

gives strength to nails, hair, and skin surface

89
Q

collagen

A

lends structure to bones, cartilage, and teeth

90
Q

antibodies

A

defend the body against bacteria

91
Q

Enzymes

A

act as catalysts for crucial chemical reactions

92
Q

Contractile proteins

A

promote muscle contraction

93
Q

Hemoglobin

A

carries oxygen in the blood

94
Q

insulin

A

serve as chemical messengers to cells

95
Q

Amino acids

A

smaller chemical subunits of large protein molecules

  • all contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
  • some have sulfur, iron and phosphorus
  • 20 different types: 11 can be manufactured in the lady other 9 must be obtained from food
96
Q

Non-essential amino acids

A

11

manufactured by the body

Alanine 
Arginine 
Asparagine 
Aspartic acid 
Crysteine 
Glutamic acid 
Glutamine 
Glycine 
Proline 
Serine 
tyrosine
97
Q

Essential amino acids

A

9

essential to obtain them through food

histidine 
isoleucine 
leucine 
lysine 
methionine 
phenylalanine 
threonine 
tryptophan 
valine
98
Q

peptide bonds

A

forms when the carboxyl group of one amino acid links to the amino group of another amino acid this results in a H20 molecule released

99
Q

polypeptide

A

short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

100
Q

primary structure of protein

A

consists of a sequence of amino acids in a chain

101
Q

secondary structure of protein

A

results when the amino acid chain folds or twists

102
Q

tertiary structure of protein

A

secondary structure twists or folds a second time creating a larger 3D structure

103
Q

quaternary structure of protein

A

2 or more separate folded chains join together

104
Q

DNA

A

(deoxyribonucleic acid)

the largest molecule in the body carries the genetic code for heredity characteristics

consists of thousands and thousands of smaller molecules called nucleotides

105
Q

RNA

A

(ribonucleic acid)

usually a simple strand of nucleotides, copies the genetic code of DNA to direct protein synthesis

106
Q

Nucleotide are made of

A

a 5- carbon sugar (pentose sugar) a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen bases

107
Q

In DNA the sugar is

In RNA the sugar is

A

deoxyribose

ribose

108
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate)

stores energy from the breakdown of nutrients and provides it to fuel cellular reactions

109
Q

acids

A

(proton donors)

any substance that releases a hydrogen (H+) when dissolved in H2O

More H+’s produced= weaker acid

110
Q

bases

A

(proton acceptors)

balances out acids by “accepting”

More OH- 1’s = the stronger the base

111
Q

Ph: abbreviation for

A

“the power of hydrogen”

112
Q

pH

A

acidity or alkalinity of a substance

113
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.35 to 7.45

114
Q

buffers

A

donate or remove H+ ions to keep pH in normal range

115
Q

ph scale 0-14
acid
neutral
basic

A

acid- 0-6
neutral 7
basic 8-14

APHY 164 (10 decks)

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