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APHY 164 > AnP Chapter 11 CNS (LO7) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 11 CNS (LO7) Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system overview

A

constantly receives signals about changes within the body as well the external environment

Processes info and decides what action is needed

Sends electrical and chemical signals to the cells telling them how to respond

consisting of the brain, spinal cord and nerves

most complex body system

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2
Q

Endocrine system

A

employs chemical messengers (hormones) to communicate with cells

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3
Q

Nervous system

A

uses electrical signals to transmit messages at lighting speed

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4
Q

3 essential roles of the nervous system and how they work

A
  1. Sensing
    Nervous system uses sense organs and nerve endings to detect changes both inside and outside

2.Integrating
Nervous system processes info received, relate it to past experiences, determines appropriate response

3.Responding
Nervous system issues commands to muscles and glands to initiate changes based on it’s info

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5
Q

Two main divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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6
Q

Central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

consists of the vast network of nerves throughout the body

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8
Q

Neurobiology

A

study of the nervous system

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9
Q

Subdivisions of peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory (afferent) division

Motor (efferent) division

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10
Q

Sensory (afferent) division:

A

carries signals from nerve endings to CNS

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11
Q

Sensory (afferent) subdivisions

A

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory

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12
Q

Somatic sensory

A

carries signals from bones, skin, joints and muscles

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13
Q

Visceral sensory

A

carries signals from viscera of heart, lungs, stomach and bladder

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14
Q

Motor (efferent) division:

A

transmits impulses from the CNS out to the peripheral organs to cause an effect or action

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15
Q

Motor (efferent) subdivisions

A

Somatic motor

Autonomic motor

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16
Q

Somatic motor

A

allows voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Autonomic motor

A

provides ‘automatic’ activities such as control of blood pressure and heart rate

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18
Q

Sympathetic division

A

arouses the body for action

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19
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

has a calming effect

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20
Q

2 types of cells a make up the nervous system

A

neurons (impulse conducting cells)

neuroglia (protect neurons)

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21
Q

neuralgia

A

also called glial cells

Supportive cells of nervous system

Bind neurons together

Perform various functions that enhance performance

50 glial cells per neuron

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22
Q

5 types of glial cells

A 
Neuroglial of CNS :
Oligodendrocyte
Ependyma
Microglia
Astrocytes

Neurons of PNS:
Schwann cells

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23
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord; speed signal conduction

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24
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line spinal cord and cavities of the brain; some secrete cerebrospinal fluid, whereas other have cilia that aid fluid circulation

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25
Q

Microglia

A

perform phagocytosis, engulfing microorganisms and cellular debris

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26
Q

Astrocytes

A

extend through brain tissue, nourish neurons; help form blood-brain barrier; attach neurons to blood vessels; provide structural support

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27
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin sheath around nerves in PNS; form neurilemma

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28
Q

Glial cell tumours

A

highly malignant grows rapidly; most adult brain tumors consist of

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29
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

semipermeable membrane that exists throughout the brain that protects the brain of foreign substances

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30
Q

NEURONS

A

Nerve cells that handle the nervous system’s role of communication

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31
Q

3 classes of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent)
Interneurons
Motor (efferent) neurons

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32
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

Detect stimuli (touch, pressure, heat, cold or chemicals) and transmits about the stimuli to CNS

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33
Q

Interneurons

A

Found only in CNS

Connect incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways

Receives, process and stores info

Make each of us unique in how we think, feel and act

About 90% of body’s neurons

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34
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

Rely messages from brain to muscle or gland cells

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35
Q

how do neurone vary

A

Vary greatly in shape and size

Vary according to type, number and length of projections

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36
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Have one axon and multiple dendrites

Most common type of neuron and includes most neurons of brain and spinal cord

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37
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Have two processes: an axon and a dendrite with cell body in between the two processes

Can be found in the retina of the eye and olfactory nerve in nose

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38
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Have once process: an axon that extends from the cell body before branching into T shape

Mostly in sensory nerves of PNS

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39
Q

NEURON STRUCTURE

A

3 basic parts: body and two extensions ( axon and dendrite)

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40
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

is the control center of the neuron and contains the nucleus

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41
Q

Dendrites

A

receives signals from other neurons and conduct the info to the cell body

Some neurons only have one dendrite some have thousands

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42
Q

Axon

A

carries nerve signals away from the cell body

Nerve cells only have one axon

Longer than dendrites can range from a few millimeters to a meter

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43
Q

Myelin sheath

A

encases axons; acts to insulate the axon

Consists mostly of lipid

In PNS schwann cells form myelin sheath

In CNS oligodendrocytes form myelin sheath

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44
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

evenly spaced gaps in myelin sheath

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45
Q

Synaptic knob

A

the end of the axon branch

Vesicles containing a Neurotransmitter are found within

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46
Q

MYELIN

A

Helps speed impulse conduction

Not all nerve fibers are myelinated

Unmyelinated nerve fibers perform functions in which speed isn’t essential ex stimulating stomach acid

Myelinated nerve fibers perform functions where speed is important ex stimulating skeletal muscles

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47
Q

Myelin in PNS

A

Formed when schwann cells wrap themselves around axon

Lays multiple layers of cell membrane, myelin sheath formed inside these layers

Nucleus and cytoplasm of schwann cells are located in the outermost layer

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48
Q

Neurilemma

A

outer layer of schwann cell

Essential for an injured nerve to regenerate

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49
Q

Myelin in CNS

A

Formed by one oligodendrocyte creating myelin sheath for several axons

Nucleus of cell located away from myelin sheath

Outward projections from cell wrap around nearby axons meaning no neurilemma

No neurilemma means CNS neurons cant regenerate ex paralysis from a severed spinal cord is permanent

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50
Q

Nerves in PNS can regenerate or not regenerate?

A

can regenerate as long as the soma and neurilemma are intact

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51
Q

Nerves in CNS can regenerate or not regenerate?

A

cannot regenerate because lacks neurilemma

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52
Q

Axon Hillock

A

area where the cell body and axon join

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53
Q

Axon Collateral

A

side branches off of the axon, usually at right angles of the axon

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54
Q

Axon Terminals

A

the end of the axon and axon collateral processes, just before the portion where the neurotransmistters are released

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55
Q

Synaptic End Bulbs

A

bulb-shaped structures at the end of axon terminals, contain synaptic vesicles

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56
Q

Axolemma

A

plasma membrane surrounding the axon

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57
Q

IMPUSLE CONDUCTION

A

Nerves must initiate and transmit signals at lightning speed to relay messages to organs and tissue

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58
Q

Signal transmission

A

occurs through electrical current which results from flow of charged particles from one point to another

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59
Q

Membrane potential

A

when ions with opposite charges are separated by a membrane the potential exists for them to move toward one another

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60
Q

Polarized

A

a membrane that exhibits membrane potential an excess of positive ions on one side and an excess of negative ions on the other side

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61
Q

define Resting potential

A

state of being inactive and polarized, the neuron is resting but it has the potential to react if a stimulus comes along

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62
Q

how does Resting potential work

A

When a neuron is not conducting an electrical signal its interior has a negative electrical charge whereas the charge on the outside is positive

Outside of cell rich with sodium ions inside potassium ions

Interior of cell contains large negatively charged proteins and nucleic acids giving cells interior overall negative charge

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63
Q

how does Depolarization work

A

Stimulus (chemicals, heat or mechanical pressure) causes sodium ions to enter the cells
Addition of positive ions changes interior from negative to positive

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64
Q

define depolarization

A

membrane becomes more positive

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65
Q

define Action potential

A

neuron has become active as it conducts an impulse along the axon

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66
Q

how does action potential work

A

If depolarization is strong enough adjacent channels open allowing even more sodium ions to flood cells interior

Action potential continues down the axon as one segment stimulates the segment next to it

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67
Q

how does Repolarization work

A

Influx of Na+ opens channels to allow K+ to flow out cell

Once k+ has left cell Na+ channels shut to prevent more Na+ from flowing to cell

This repolarizes the cells, interior has negative charge exterior has positive charge

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68
Q

how does Refectory period work

A

Membrane polarized but Na+ and K+ are on wrong sides and neuron won’t respond to a new stimulus

Sodium potassium pump works to return Na+ to the outside and K+ to inside

When this is complete nerve is polarized and in resting potential until it receives another stimulus

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69
Q

what happens if stimulus doesn’t;t reach threshold

A

Action potential is all or nothing

when stimulus reaches a threshold and depolarizes the neuron it fires at it’s maximum voltage

if it doesn’t reach threshold the neuron doesn’t fire at all

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70
Q

Impulse conduction in Myelinated Fibers

A

Nerve impulses move through unmyelinated fibers

Thick layer of myelin encasing the axons blocks the free movement of ions across cell membrane

Ion exchange can only occur at the nodes of Ranvier

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71
Q

How a Nerve Impulse Travels Down a Myelinated Fiber

A

Action potential created at nodes of Ranvier by electrical changes

Current flows under myelin sheath to next node and triggers another action potential

Process continues down the axon

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72
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Impulses “leap” from node to node because action potentials on occur at the nodes

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73
Q

Synapse

A

space between the junction of two neurons in a neutral pathway

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74
Q

Electrical synapses

A

(between cardiac muscle cells and certain types of smooth tissue cells)

adjacent neurons touch allowing action potential to pass from one neuron to next

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75
Q

Chemical synapses

A

more common

the two neurons don’t touch instead a neurotransmitter (chemical) bridges a gap (synaptic cleft) to carry the message from the presynaptic neuron (first neuron) to the postsynaptic neuron

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76
Q

5 steps of how synapses work

A
  1. When an action potential reaches a synaptic knob the membrane depolarizes
    - -this causes ion channels to open which allows calcium ions to enter the cell
  2. The infusion of calcium causes the vesicle to fuse with the plasma membrane and then release their store of a neurotransmitter into the synapse
  3. Once release the neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
    - -Each new transmitter has a specific receptor
  4. The specific neurotransmitter determines whether the impulse continues called excitation or whether it is stopped called inhabitation
    - -If the neurotransmitter is excitatory Na+ channels open the membrane becomes depolarized and the impulse continues
    - –If the impulse in the inhibitory K+ channels open and the impulse stops
  5. The receptors and then release the neurotransmitter after which is reabsorbed by the synaptic knobs and recycled or destroyed by enzymes
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77
Q

More than —- different neurotransmitters in the body

A

100

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78
Q

Small molecule neurotransmitters

A

trigger rapid synaptic actions

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79
Q

Neuropeptides

A

modulate slower ongoing synaptic functions

80
Q

common neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine,
epinephrine/norepinephrine, serotonin,
dopamine
histamine

81
Q

Threshold point

A

The critical level needed to open the sodium (Na+) channels and cause an action potential to follow

82
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

The period of time during which the cell cannot respond again, no matter how strong the stimulus

83
Q

Relative refractory period

A

The period of time during which a cell can only be made to respond with a suprathreshold stimulus

84
Q

The spinal cord

A

is the information passageway that relays messages from the brain to the rest of the body

85
Q

Nerves in the cervical region of the spinal cord innervate the…

A

chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands and diaphragm

86
Q

Nerves from the thoracic region extend to the…

A

intercostal muscles of the rib cage, the abdominal muscles, and the back muscles

87
Q

The lumbar spine nerves innervate the…

A

lower abdominal wall and parts of the thighs and legs

88
Q

Nerves from the sacral region extend to the…

A

thighs, buttocks, skin and legs and feet, and anal and genital regions

89
Q

the spinal cord extends from the base of the brain until about the ———

A

L1-2

90
Q

Cauda equina

A

a bundle of nerve roots extending from the end of the spinal cord

91
Q

Structure of the Spinal Cord

A

The spinal cord sits inside a protective, boney tunnel created by the stacked vertebrae

92
Q

Gray matter nervous tissue

A

contains mostly cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons

appears gray because of its lack of myelin

H shaped mass divided into two sets of horns:
Posterior horns and ventral horns

forms the surface of brain

93
Q

White matter nervous tissue

A

contains bundles of axons called tracts

Appears white because of its abundance of myelin

found under cortex

94
Q

Tracts

A

bundles of axons that carry impulses from one part of the nervous system to another

95
Q

Epidural space

A

a small space that lies between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae

It contains a cushioning layer of fat as well as blood vessels and connective tissue

96
Q

Central canal

A

an opening that carry cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord

97
Q

Spinal nerves travel through…

A

gaps between the vertebrae and attached to the spinal cord by two roots: the dorsal and ventral roots

98
Q

Dorsal nerve root

A

contains fibres that carry sensory information into the spinal cord

It enters the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

99
Q

Ganglion

A

knot like structure of cell bodies of the dorsal neurons clustered

100
Q

Spinal nerve

A

a single nerve resulting from the fusion of the dorsal and ventral roots

101
Q

Mixed nerve

A

a nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers meaning it can transmit impulses in two directions

102
Q

Ventral nerve roots

A

exit from the ventral horn to carry motor information out of the spinal cord

103
Q

Meninges

A

three layers of fibrous connective tissue that protects the spinal cord

104
Q

3 types of meninges

A

Pia mater
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mate

105
Q

Pia mater

A

is the innermost layer

Transparent membrane that clings to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord

It contains blood vessels

106
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

107
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

a delicate layer resembling a cobweb

lies between the dura mater and the pia mater

108
Q

Spinal Tracts

A

bundles of axons within the white matter of the spinal cord that serve as a route of communication to and from the brain

109
Q

The brain is divided into four major regions

A

the cerebrum,
the diencephalon,
the cerebellum
the brainstem

110
Q

The cerebrum

A

is the largest portion of the brain

111
Q

Gyri

A

sick ridges on the cerebrum

112
Q

Sulci

A

divide the gyri

113
Q

Fissure

A

deep sulci

114
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

a deep groove divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

115
Q

Corpus callosum

A

ethic bundle of nerves that runs along the bottom of the fissure and serves to connect the two hemispheres

116
Q

The diencephalon

A

it’s between the cerebrum in the midbrain

117
Q

Cerebellum

A

the second largest region of the brain

It contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined

118
Q

The brainstem

A

makes up the rest of the brain consists of three structures:

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

119
Q

Cortex

A

Covers the cerebrum and cerebellum

120
Q

Nuclei

A

patches of grey matter throughout the white matter

121
Q

Meninges of the Brain

A

cover the outside surface of the brain offering protection

122
Q

The Dura mater

A

consists of two layers-
periosteal layer- outer layer is attached to the inner surface of the school

meningeal layer: inner layer forms the outer covering of the brain and continues as the Dura matter of the spinal cord

123
Q

The arachnoid mater

A

is the middle layer

124
Q

The pia mater

A

clings tightly to the surface of the brain

125
Q

Dural sinuses

A

the Dura mater separates to create these spaces which collect blood that has passed through the brain and is on its way back to the heart

126
Q

Subdural space

A

separates the Dura from the arachnoid Mater

127
Q

A subarachnoid space

A

separates the arachnoid mater the pia mater

128
Q

Falx cerebri

A

dips into the longitudinal fissure two separate the right and left hemispheres

129
Q

Tentorium cerebella

A

extends over the top of the cerebellum operating it from the cerebrum

130
Q

brain Ventricles

A

four chambers in the brain

131
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

2 arch to the cerebral hemispheres one in the right and one on the left

132
Q

Third ventricle

A

connects to each of the lateral ventricles

133
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

narrows to form the central canal which extends through the spinal cord

134
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

A clear colourless fluid that fills a ventricle and central canal

135
Q

Choroid plexus:

A

network of blood vessels lining the floor or wall of each ventricle
forms the cerebrospinal fluid

136
Q

The division of the brain starting at the bottom

A

brain stem,
cerebellum,
diencephalon
cerebrum

137
Q

The brain stem consist of

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

138
Q

The midbrain

A

contains tracks that relays sensory and motor impulses

It also contains centers for auditory and visual reflexes

contains clusters of neurons integral to muscle control

139
Q

The Pons

A

contains tracks that convey signals to and from different parts of the brain

140
Q

cranial nerves that arise from the Pons

A

V (trigeminal),
VI (abducens),
VII (facial)
VII (vestibulochlear)

141
Q

The medulla oblongata

A

attaches the brain to the spinal cord

contains nuclei that perform functions vital to human life

142
Q

The cardiac center

A

which regulates heart rate

143
Q

The Vasomotor center

A

Controls blood vessel diameter which affects blood pressure

144
Q

Two respiratory centers

A

regulate breathing

145
Q

Medulla houses…

A

reflect centers for coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting

Several cranial nerves either begin or end in the medulla

146
Q

Cerebellum

A

About the size of a fist

House this morning rounds and the rest of the brain combined

Connected to the cerebral cortex by approximately 40000,000 neurons

It receives and processes messages from all over the brain

Plays a key role in motor functions, sensory, cognitive and emotional functions

147
Q

cerebellum functions

A

Joins forces with the cerebral cortex to monitor body movements and send messages crucial for balance, coordination, and posture

Stores information necessary for muscle groups to work together to perform smooth, efficient and coordinated movements

Evaluate sensory input, such as touch, spatial perception and sound

148
Q

Diencephalon

A

It’s a region deep inside the brain consisting of several structures with the chief on speaking the thalamus and hypothalamus

149
Q

Thalamus

A

Shaped like two eggs sitting side-by-side

Resides on the top of the brain stem

Acts as a gateway for nearly every sensory impulses travelling to the cerebral cortex

Processes and filters these impulses transmitting some but not all to the cerebral cortex

It relays messages regarding certain complex movements

is involved in memory and emotion

150
Q

hypothalamus

A

Influences nearly every organ in the body

Plays a key role in numerous functions:
–Controls the autonomic nervous system which is responsible for such vital functions as heart rate and blood pressure

–Contains centres responsible for hunger, thirst and temperature regulation

–Controls pituitary gland which is called the master gland because of its influence on most endocrine glands

–Is involved in multiple emotional responses including fear anger pleasure and aggression

151
Q

Reticular formation

A

a set of interconnected nuclei scattered throughout the brain stem

152
Q

Reticular activating system

A

charge with maintaining a state of wakefulness and alertness it receives sensory input from the eyes and ears

Filters of insignificant signals and sends impulses to the cerebral cortex

153
Q

Cerebrum

A

the largest and most obvious portion of the brain

Ability to think, remember, feel, used judgement and move

154
Q

Sulci (grooves)

A

divide the cerebrum into five distinct lobes

155
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Central sulcus forms the posterior boundary

Governs voluntary movements, memory, emotion, social judgment, decision-making, reasoning and aggression

The site for certain aspects of one’s personality

156
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Central sulcus forms the anterior boundary

Concerned with receiving and interpreting bodily sensations

Governs proprioception

157
Q

proprioception

A

the awareness of ones body and body parts in relation to each other

158
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Concerned with analyzing and interpreting visual information

159
Q

Insula

A

hidden behind the lateral sulcus

Plays a role in many different functions, including perception of pain, basic emotions, addiction, motor control, self-awareness and cognitive functioning

160
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Braided from the Parietal lobe by the lateral sulcus

Governs hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behaviour and visual recognition

161
Q

Parietal lobe lesion

A

it’s function in this part of the brain causes people to ignore objects on the opposite side of the body even their own arm and leg

162
Q

Temporal lobe lesion

A

an injury here can impair the ability to identify familiar objects

163
Q

Frontal lobe lesion

A

a lesion or injury here can result in severe personality disorder and cost socially inappropriate behaviour

164
Q

Occipital lobe lesion

A

damage here can result in blindness or other vision disturbances, hallucinations and difficulty reading and writing

165
Q

Insula lesion

A

damage can trigger difficulties with sensory perception, language difficulties, emotional imbalances and addiction

166
Q

White matter in the cerebrum

A

the bulk of the cerebrum

167
Q

Corpus callosum

A

a bridge that most of the tracks pass from one hemisphere to the other

168
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

surface of the cerebrum; a thin layer of gray matter

169
Q

Basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

A

Masses of gray matter that lie deep within the cerebrum and play a role in the control of movement

170
Q

The limbic system

A

Sometimes called the emotional brain

The seat of emotional learning

Formed by a complete set of structures that circle the corpus callosum in Thalamus

It links area of the lower brainstem with areas in the cerebral cortex associated with higher mental functions

171
Q

Two key structures of the limbic system

A

hippocampus and amygdala

172
Q

Hippocampus

A

charged with converting short-term memory into long-term memory

173
Q

Amygdala

A

two almond shaped masses of neurons on either side of the thalamus

Concerned with emotions such as anger, jealousy, and fear

Stores and can recall emotions from past

174
Q

Primary somatic motor area of cerebral cortex

A

is the pre-central Gyrus

175
Q

Motor association area

A

determine which movements are required to perform a specific task then sends appropriate signals to precentral gyrus

176
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

send impulses through motor tracts in the brainstem and spinal cord which it travels to the Skelton muscles and movement occurs

177
Q

Sensory nerve fibres of the cerebral cortex

A

transmit signals of the spinal cord to the thalamus which forward some to post central gyrus

178
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

the primary somatic sensory area of brain

It receives impulses of heat, cold in touch from receptors all over the body

179
Q

Somatic sensory association area

A

adjacent to Po central Geyer’s this area allows us to pinpoint the location of pain, identify texture, and be aware of how limbs are positioned

180
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

written words

181
Q

Angular gyrus

A

translates to written words in a form that can be spoken

182
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

housed in the left temporal lobe formulate the words into phrases that comply with learn to grammical rules

183
Q

Broca’s area

A

located in left frontal lobe

Plans the muscle movement required of lyrics, tongue, cheeks and lips to form the words

184
Q

Primary motor

A

cortex sends impulses to the muscles necessary to produce the word

185
Q

functions of cerebral cortex

A

motor functions
sensory functions
language
memory

186
Q

Cerebral Lateralization

A

The left hemisphere is more analytical side it

Right hemisphere is more connected with creativity and spiritual ability

187
Q

left hemisphere

A

Motor control of right side of body

Sequential processing

Language

Analytical thought

Logical

Concrete

Science and math

188
Q

right hemisphere

A

Motor control of left side of body

Simultaneous processing

Big picture

Creativity

Emotion

Imagination

Art and music

189
Q

sleep NI stage

A

drowsy

easily arroused

2-5%

190
Q

sleep N2 stage

A

light sleep

loss of environmental awareness

breathing and heart rate regular

45-55%

191
Q

Sleep N3 stage

A

Deep

So relax, heart rate slows down and blood pressure drops

Blood supply to muscles increases allowing for tissue growth and repair

Growth hormones are released

12-23%

192
Q

Stage REM sleep

A

Dreaming occurred

Eyes move rapidly back-and-forth

First occurs 90 minutes into sleep cycle

Last 10 mins to 1 hour

20-25%

193
Q

olfactory association area

A

interprets the sense of smell

194
Q

primary gustatory complex

A

how does the interpretation of sensation and taste

195
Q

visual association area interprets the information acquired through the primary visual cortex

A

Allows us to recognize familiar objects

196
Q

Auditory association area

A

Gives us the ability to recognize familiar sounds including a persons voice or the name of a piece of music

197
Q

Primary auditory complex

A

responsible for hearing

APHY 164 (10 decks)

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