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APHY 164 > AnP Chapter 1 (LO1) > Flashcards

AnP Chapter 1 (LO1) Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy

A

The structure of the body

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

How the body functions

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3
Q

Define Pathophysiology

A

The study of the processes that disturb normal function

Patho means suffering or disease

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4
Q

Define Atoms

A

Smallest unit of matter

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5
Q

Define molecules

A

Atoms organized into various structures

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6
Q

Define organelles

A

The metabolic units within a cell that performs a specific function necessary to the life of the cell

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7
Q

Define cells

A

The smallest living units that make up the body’s structure

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8
Q

Define tissue

A

Specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function

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9
Q

Organs

A

Structures of two or more tissue types working together to carry out a particular function

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10
Q

Define a human organism

A

One complete individual

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11
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue

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12
Q

Define epithelial tissue

A

Covers or lines body surface

Ex outer layer of the skin, walls of capillaries and kidney tubes

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13
Q

Define connective tissue

A

Connects and supports parts of the body; some transport and stores materials

Ex bone, cartilage, and adipose tissues

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14
Q

Define muscle tissue

A

Contracts to produce movement

Ex skeletal muscles and the heart

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15
Q

Define Nerve tissue

A

Generates and transmits impulses to regulate body function

Ex brain and nerves

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16
Q

Define organ systems

A

Organs of each system contribute to a particular function

Some organs belong to more than one system

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17
Q

What are the 11 organ systems

A 
Integumentary system
Endocrine system
Urinary system
Circulatory system
Nervous system
Reproductive system
Skeletal system
Digestive system
Muscular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
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18
Q

What does the Integumentary system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of skin, hair and nails

Key functions: protections, temperature regulation, water retention and sensation

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19
Q

What does the Sleletal system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments

Key functions: protection if organs, support, movement and blood formation

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20
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen and tonsils

Key functions: role in fluid balance, production of immune cells, defence against disease

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21
Q

What does the muscular system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of skeletal muscles

Key functions: movement, posture and heat production

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22
Q

What does the Respiratory system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Key functions: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid base balance and speech

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23
Q

What does the Urinary system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Key functions: excretion of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure control of fluid electrolyte and acid-base balance

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24
Q

What does the Nervous system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs

Key functions: control, regulation + coordination of other systems, sensation and memory

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25
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists if the pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids and other organs

Key functions: hormone production, control and regulation of other systems

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26
Q

What does the Circulatory system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries

Key functions: distribution of oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance

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27
Q

What does the digestive system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of the stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth and pancreas

Key functions: breakdown and absorption of nutrients; elimination of wastes

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28
Q

What does the Male reproductive system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of the testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles and penis

Key functions: production and delivery of sperm, secretion of sex hormones

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29
Q

What does the female reproductive system consist of and it’s key functions

A

Consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and breasts

Key functions: production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development; birth, lactation, secretion of sex hormones

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30
Q

Define midline

A

Down the centre of the body splitting it i to right and left halves

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31
Q

Define medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

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32
Q

Define lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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33
Q

Define distal

A

Farthest from the point of orgin

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34
Q

Define proximal

A

Closest to the point if orgin

35
Q

Define Superior

A

Above

36
Q

Define Inferior

A

Below

37
Q

Define Anterior( ventral)

A

Toward the front of the body

38
Q

Define posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward the back of the body

39
Q

Define Superficial

A

At or near the body’s surface

40
Q

Define deep

A

Away from the body’s surface

41
Q

Define body planes

A

Divide the body or an organ into sections

42
Q

Define sagittal plane

A

Divides the body lengthwise into right and left

Also called midsagittal if the section is made exactly at the midline

43
Q

Define transverse plane

A

Divides the body horizontally into upper and lower

Also called a horizontal plane

44
Q

Define frontal plane

A

Divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions

Also called coronal plane

45
Q

Body regions

Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Buccal
Oral
Cervical
Otic
Occipital 
Vertebral
A 
Head
Forhead
Eye
Nose
Cheek
Mouth
Neck
Surrounding brain
Ear
Back of head
Spine
46
Q

Body regions

Sternal
Pectoral
Mammary
Abdominal
Pelvic
Inguinal
Pubic
Scapular
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
A 
Sternum
Chest
Breast
Abdomen 
Pelvis
Groin
Pubis
Scapula
Lower back
Butt crack
Buttock
47
Q

Body regions

Deltoid
Axillary
Brachial
Antecubial
Anterbrachial
Carpal
Palmar
Perineal
Popliteal
Calcaneal
Plantar
A 
Shoulder
Armpit
Arm
Front elbow
Fore arm
Wrist
Palm
In between legs
Back of knee
Heel
Sole of feet
48
Q

Define body cavities

A

House intenal organs

49
Q

What are the body cavities

A

Ventral
Thoracic Abdominopelvic
pleural +Mediastinum Abdomen+pelvic

                          Dorsal   Cranial cavity.                    Spinal cavity
50
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Located in the front of the body
Consists if 2 components

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Divided by the diaphragm

51
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Surrounded by ribs and chest muscles

Subdivided into 2 pleural cavities Each containing a lung and the mediastinum

52
Q

What does the Mediastrinum cavity contain?

A

Heart And large vessels

Trachea

Esophagus

Thymus

Lymph nodes

other blood vessels and nerves

53
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Subdivided into pelvic and abdominal cavities

54
Q

What does the abdominal cavity contain

A

Stomach

Intestines

Spleen

Liver

Other organs

55
Q

What does the Pelvic cavity contain

A

Bladder

Some reproductive organs

Rectum

56
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Located at the back of the body

Contains two divisions but one is one continuous cavity

Cranial cavity and spinal cavity

57
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by the skull

Contains the brain

58
Q

Spinal cavity

A

Formed by the vertebrae

Contains the spinal cord

59
Q

Define regions

A

Used to locate organs

60
Q

Define Quadrants

A

Used to pinpoint the site of abdominal pain

61
Q

What are the 9 abdominal regions

A

Left hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region

Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region

Right illiac region
Hypogastric region
Left illiac region

62
Q

What’s included in the right hypochondriac region

A

Liver

Gallbladder

Right kidney

63
Q

Whats included in the epigastric region?

A

Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Right/left kidneys

64
Q

Left hypochondriac region

A

Stomach
Liver
Left kidney
Spleen

65
Q

Whats included in the right lumbar region

A

Liver
Small intestines
Ascending colon
Right kidney

66
Q

Whats included in the umbilical region

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestines
Transverse colon

67
Q

Whats included in the left lumbar region

A

Small intestines
Descending colon
Left kindey

68
Q

Whats included in the right illiac region

A

Small intestines
Appendix
Cecum and ascending colon

69
Q

Whats included in the Hypogastric region

A

Small intestines
Sigmoid colon
Bladder

70
Q

What’s included in the left illiac region

A

Small intestines
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

71
Q

Whats in the right upper quadrant

A 
Liver
Stomach
Right kidney
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Right adrenal gland
72
Q

Whats in the left upper abdominal quadrant

A 
Liver 
Left kidney
Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
Left adrenal gland
73
Q

Whats in the right lower abdominal quadrant

A

Appendix
Reproductive organs
Right ureter

74
Q

Whats in the Left lower quadrant

A

Left ureter

Reproductive organs

75
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium despite changes in external conditions

76
Q

Define dynamic equilibrium

A

Body must make constant changes to maintain balance

77
Q

Define set point/ range

A

Normal body temp, fluid and chemical levels

78
Q

What are the bodys norms or set point

A

Temp 97°-99°F or 36-37.2°c

Potassium 3.5-5.3mmol/L

Glucose 65-99mg/dL

Calcium 8.5-10.4 mg/ dL

Carbon dioxide 21-33 mmol/ L

Sodium 135-146 mmol/L

Chloride 98-110mmol/ L

79
Q

Organ systems roles in homeostasis

Nervous system
Cardiovascular system
Muscular system
Integumentary system
Endocrine system
Digestive system
A

Nervous system: the hypothalamus in the brain contains the bodys “thermostat”

Cardiovascular system: blood vessels constrict to conserve heat

Muscular system: the muscles contract to cause shivering, which generates heat

Integumentary system: sweat production steps and goos bumps for which creates an insulating layer

Endocrine system: thyroid hormone production increase metabolism which raises body temp

Digestive system: the metabolism of food and stored fat generates heat

80
Q

3 parts if homeostasis regulation

A

1) receptor- receives info about a change in the environment
2) control centre- receives and processes info from the receptor
3) effector- responds to signals from the control centre by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus

81
Q

Define feedback

A

The signal sent by the effector

It can either be positive or negative

82
Q

Define Negative feedback

A

When the effector opposes the stimulus (such as dropping temp) and reverses the direction of change (causing temp to rise)

83
Q

Define postive feedback

A

When the effector reinforces the stimulus (such as uterine contractions during childbirth which trigger the release of the hormone oxytocin) and amplifies the direction of change (causing even greater contractions and further release of oxytocin)

84
Q

Do most systems operate by negative or positive feed back?

A

Negative

Only a few situation where positive feedback is beneficial such as blood clotting and child birth

More often positive feed back is harmful

APHY 164 (10 decks)

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