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Neurology SOH > Anatomy Spine > Flashcards

Anatomy Spine Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord is continuous with which part of the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

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2
Q

Where does C1 officially begin?

A

At the foramen magnum

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3
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

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4
Q

After L2 vertebral level, the spinal cord becomes ?

A

The conus medullaris

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5
Q

What is contained in the cauda equina region?
A - spinal nerves
B - spinal nerve roots

A

B - spinal nerve roots

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6
Q

Where is the cauda equina region?

A

From L2 vertebral level -> coxyx

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7
Q

In the cauda equina region, where is the spinal nerve located?

A

Within intervertebral foramina

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8
Q

What is the function of the epidural fat which surrounds the spinal cord?

A

Acts as a shock absorber to protect the spinal cord from any trauma

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9
Q

When is a laminectomy procedure indicated?

A

To relieve pressure on spinal cord or nerve roots

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10
Q

What is a laminectomy?

A

Used to access the spinal canal, posterior exposure of the spinal cord and/or spinal roots

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11
Q

How many vertebrae are there in total?

A

33

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12
Q

The vertebrae get larger from superior -> inferior. Why is this?

A

As they are required to weight bear more

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13
Q

What type of joint is the vertebrae?

A

Synovial plane joint

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14
Q

Which part of the vertebrae produces blood cells (haematopoesis)?

A

Vertebral body

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15
Q 
what are the curvatures of the vertebral column? 
Cervical lordosis/kyphosis?
Thoracic lordosis/kyphosis?
Lumbar lordosis/kyphosis? 
Sacral lordosis/kyphosis?
A

Cervical lordosis
Thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar lordosis
Sacralq kyphosis

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16
Q

What is the function of the vertebral foramen?

A

Conveys and protects the spinal cord

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17
Q

Which of the following are located more posteriorly? Lamina or pedicles

A

Lamina

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18
Q

Cervical vertebrae have transverse foramen. True or false?

A

True

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19
Q

What is unique about cervical vertebrae spinous processes?

A

They are bifid (spinous processes split into 2)

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20
Q

What shape are cervical vertebrae vertebral foramen?

A

Triangular

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21
Q

What is the name of C1 ?

A

Atlas

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22
Q

What are the features of C1?

A

No body, no spinous process

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23
Q

What is the name of C2?

A

Axis

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24
Q

What are the features of C2?

A

Odontoid process

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25
Q

The sacrum has intervertebral foramina. True or false?

A

False

- it has anterior and posterior sacral foramina

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26
Q

Sacrum - what are the ala?

A

The wings of the sacrum

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27
Q

The sacral hiatus is not palpable. True or false?

A

False

- it is palpable

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28
Q

Where does intervertebral foramen form?

A

Between adjacent vertebrae

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29
Q

Where are spinal nerves located?

A

intervertebral foramen

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30
Q

Where are facet joints located?

A

Between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

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31
Q

Intervertebral discs are secondary cartilaginous. True or false?

A

True

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32
Q

Where are intervertebral discs located?

A

Between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae

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33
Q

Intervertebral discs are located at every vertebral level. True or false?

A

False

  • None between C1-C2
  • None between fused sacrum/coccyx
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34
Q

Intervertebral disc - function

A

For strength and weight bearing

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35
Q

Intervertebral disc - what is the outer ring called?

A

Annulus fibrosis

strong, fibrous

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36
Q

Intervertebral disc - what is the inner ring called?

A

Nucleus Pulposus

soft pulp, flexible, protection

37
Q

What are intervertebral discs mainly composed of?

38
Q

Which joints are responsible for making “yes” movement with head (i.e. flexion and extension of neck)?

A

Atlanto-occipital joints

39
Q

Which joints are responsible for making “no” movement with head (i.e. rotation)?

A

Atlanto-axial joints

40
Q

Ligamentum flavum - location?

A

Connects adjacent laminae posterior to spinal cord

41
Q

Ligamentum flavum - function?

A

Helps maintain an upright posture

Assists in straightening spine

42
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament - location?

A

Attaches to posterior aspect of all vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

43
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament - function?

A

Prevents over-flexion of spine

44
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament - location?

A

Attaches to anterior aspects of all vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

45
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament - function?

A

Prevents over-extension of spine

46
Q

Supraspinous ligament - location?

A

Connects tips of the spinous processes

47
Q

Supraspinous ligament is weak. True or false?

A

False

- it is strong

48
Q

Interspinous ligament - location?

A

Connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

49
Q

Interspinous ligament is weak. True or false?

50
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 spinal nerves

51
Q

What is the film terminale?

A

Where the conus medullaris continues as a thin connective tissue

52
Q

Spinal meninges are continuous with cranial meninges. True or false?

53
Q

Where is the epidural space between?

A

Dura mater and the bone

54
Q

What layers does the needle need to pass through to get to the epidural space?

A 
Skin
Supraspinous ligament 
Interspinous ligament 
Ligamentum flavum 
Epidural space
55
Q

How might an epidural haematoma arise?

A

In the epidural space there is a fat and venous plexus.

If the needle hits a vein then you can get an epidural haematoma compressing the spinal cord or cauda equina region

56
Q

What layers does the needle need to pass through to get to the lumbar puncture site?

A 
Skin
Supraspinous ligament 
Interspinous ligament 
Ligamentum flavum
Epidural space 
Dura mater 
Arachnoid mater 
Subarachnoid space
57
Q

What is the lumbar puncture site?

A

Sub arachnoid space

58
Q

Where is the safest vertebral level to carry out epidural anaesthesia or lumbar puncture?

59
Q

Which vertebral level does the subarachnoid space end?

60
Q

What is the function of the denticulate ligament?

A

Suspends the spinal cord in the spinal canal

61
Q

What is denticulate ligament formed from?

A

Pial and arachnoid tissue

62
Q

Grey and white matter vary in proportion along the length of the spinal cord. True or false?

63
Q

Grey matter - inner/outer

A

Inner aspect

- H shaped

64
Q

Grey matter - contains neurones. True or false?

65
Q

Which 4 parts is Grey matter divided into?

A

Left and right anterior (ventral) horn

Left and right posterior (dorsal) horn

66
Q

Posterior (dorsal) horn receives somatosensory / motor information?

A

Somatosensory

67
Q

Anterior (ventral) horn receives motor / sensory innervation?

68
Q

At which level of the spinal cord is the lateral horn present?

A

Only in the thoracic and upper lumbar segment

69
Q

What does the lateral horn contain?

A

Autonomic neurones (this is why the sympathetic system is from T1 -> L2)

70
Q

White matter - inner / outer aspect?

71
Q

Ascending and descending tracts are located in grey matter. True or false?

A

False

- white matter

72
Q

White matter - anterior column is continuous with lateral column. True or false?

73
Q

White matter - posterior column is continous with lateral column. True or false?

A

False

- Posterior column has a distinct boundary

74
Q

As you descend down the spinal cord, white matter occupies a LARGER/SMALLER proportion of the cord ?

75
Q

What are the main arteries that supply the spinal cord?

A

Longitudinal arteries

  • 1 anterior, 2 posterior
  • run along the length of the cord
76
Q

Longitudinal arteries originate from vertebral arteries. True or false?

77
Q

Which arteries supply a significant proportion of the inferior part of the spinal cord?

A

Segmental arteries

78
Q

Where are radicular arteries located?

A

Along dorsal and ventral roots

79
Q

Venous drainage of the spinal cord is similar to arterial blood supply. True or false?

A

True

  • longitudinal veins
  • segmental veins
80
Q

What is the function of extrinsic back muslces?

A

To move the upper limb

81
Q

Name 5 extrinsic back muscles

A 
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi 
Rhomboids 
Levator scapulae
Theres major
82
Q

What is the function of intrinsic back muscles?

A

Maintain back posture and help move the spine

83
Q

Name 2 intrinsic back muscles

A

Erector spinae

Transversospinalis

84
Q

Location of transversospinalis?

A

Between the transverse and spinous processes

85
Q

Bilateral contraction of erector spinae results in

A

Spine extension

86
Q

Unilateral contraction of erector spinae results in

A

Lateral flexion

87
Q

Which muscles are responsible for the following spine movement: flexion

A

Psoas major

Rectus abdominis

88
Q

Which muscles are responsible for the following spine movement: extension

A

Erector spinae (bilaterally)

89
Q

Which muscles are responsible for the following spine movement: lateral flexion

A

Erector spinae (unilaterally)

Neurology SOH (31 decks)

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