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Neurology SOH > Anatomy Brain > Flashcards

Anatomy Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Embryologically, what are the 3 primary swellings that form the brain?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

In the vast majority of people the RIGHT/LEFT cerebral hemisphere is most dominant?

A

Left

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3
Q

The frontal lobe includes the PRE/POST central gyrus?

A

Pre-central gyrus

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4
Q

The PRE/POST central gyrus contains the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

POST central gyrus

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5
Q

The PRE/POST central gyrus contains the primary motor cortex?

A

PRE central gyrus

- go (motor) to pres

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6
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Frontal lobe (within the inferior frontal gyrus)

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7
Q

Where is Wernike’s area located?

A

Temporal lobe (within the superior temporal gyrus)

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8
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Producing speech

Also responsible for writing

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9
Q

What is the function of Wernike’s area?

A

Understanding language

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10
Q

Damage to Broca’s area results in?

A

Expressive dysphasia

  • patient can understand words
  • patient can’t produce sound sentences
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11
Q

Damage to Wernike’s area results in?

A

Receptive dysphasia

  • patient can’t understand words
  • patient can speak fluently
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12
Q

Name the main functions of the frontal lobe?

A 
Movement (pre-central gyrus)
Producing speech (Broca) 
Personality, behaviour, emotions
Judgement, planning, problem solving
Concentration
Intelligence
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13
Q

What lobe of the brain is important for personality?

A

Frontal lobe

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14
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains the post-central gyrus?

A

Parietal lobe

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15
Q

What is the post-central gyrus responsible for ?

A

Contains the primary somatosensory cortex

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16
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Processes sensory information such as taste, temperature, touch

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17
Q

Damage to the parietal lobe results in?

A

Unable to feel sensations of touch

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18
Q

What lobe of the brain is responsible for decision making and planning?

A

Frontal lobe

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19
Q

What lobe of the brain is responsible for processing auditory information?

A

Temporal lobe

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20
Q

Where is the auditory area of the cortex?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

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21
Q

What lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual information from the eyes?

A

Occipital lobe

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22
Q

Damage to the occipital lobe results in?

A

Unable to correctly process visual signals

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23
Q

What is the function of the insular lobe?

A

Important role to play in patient’s experience of pain

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24
Q

Left hemisphere of the brain functions (*for right handed individuals)

A

Speech
Motor
Sensory functions

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25
Q

Right hemisphere of the brain functions (*for right handed individuals)

A

Abstract concepts

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26
Q

Which lobe is the lesion in?

  • Receptive dysphasia
  • Seizures
  • CN III palsy
A

Temporal lobe

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27
Q

Which lobe is the lesion in?

  • contralateral motor weakness
  • personality changes
  • expressive dysphasia
A

Frontal lobe

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28
Q

Which lobe is the lesion in?

  • visual hallucinations
  • contralateral homonymous hemianopia
A

Occipital lobe

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29
Q

Which lobe is the lesion in?

  • contralateral sensory loss
  • difficulty understanding maths
  • difficulty writing
  • left right disorientation
A

Parietal lobe

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30
Q

What are the 3 components of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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31
Q

What does a cross section of the midbrain look like?

A

Mickey mouse

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32
Q

What does a cross section of the pons look like?

A

Stripey (transverse pontine fibres)

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33
Q

What does a cross section of the medulla look like?

A

Wiggly worms

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34
Q

Where is the olivary nucleus located?

A

Medulla

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35
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Motor movements

- particularly movements of the eye and in auditory and visual processing

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36
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Relays information from the cortex and the cerebellum

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37
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Carries out and regulates life sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate

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38
Q

Gyrus

A

Bumps on the surface of the brain

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39
Q

Sulcus

A

The slits (depressions) in the brain)

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40
Q

What is the importance of the central sulcus?

A

It divides the precentral gyrus (motor) from the post central gyrus (sensory)

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41
Q

In which lobe of the brain is the calcarine sulcus located?

A

Occipital lobe

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42
Q

The internal capsule is a GREY/WHITE matter tract?

A

White matter tract

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43
Q

What is the function of the internal capsule?

A

It carries information towards the brainstem

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44
Q

Where is the corpus callosum located?

A

Near the lateral ventricles

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45
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

Carries information from left to right hemisphere

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46
Q

In the brain, grey matter is the INNER/OUTER aspect?

A

Outer

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47
Q

In the brain, white matter is the INNER/OUTER aspect?

A

Inner

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48
Q

Neurones are located in the WHITE/GREY matter?

49
Q

Axons are located in the WHITE/GREY matter?

50
Q

Cell processes are located in the WHITE/GREY matter?

51
Q

What is the function of meninges?

A

Protective coverings for the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

53
Q

Dura matter - layers

A 
Periosteal layer (superficial)
Meningeal layer (deep) 
These 2 layers are usually stuck to each other but sometimes they split and a channel forms between them known as the dural venous sinus.
54
Q

What is the diaphragm sellae

A

Tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa

55
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli

A

Sheet of dura matter which acts as a tent over the cerebellum, separating the cerebellum from the occipital lobe

56
Q

What is the fall cerebri

A

Sheet of dura matter in the midline which separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

57
Q

Appearance of arachnoid matter

A

Spidery

Outpouchings (granulations)

58
Q

What is the function of arachnoid granulations?

A

Facilitate the recycling (resorption) of CSF

59
Q

Where is circulating CSF located?

A

Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia matter)

60
Q

Pia matter appearance

A

Very thin and shiny surface

61
Q

Pia matter location

A

Directly adherent to brain tissue - follows the contours of the brain closely

62
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus (located in the ventricles of the brain)

63
Q

Ventricular pathway in the brain

A

Lateral ventricles (C-shaped)–> interventricular foramen of Monroe –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle

64
Q

Location of the 3rd ventricle

A

In the midline between the right and left halves of the diencephalon

65
Q

Location of the 4th ventricle

A

Between the cerebellum and pons

66
Q

Name 2 locations where CSF is absorbed?

A

Subarachnoid space

Central canal of SC

67
Q

Name 1 location where CSF is recycled

A

Arachnoid granulations

68
Q

What is the anastomotic blood supply of the brain and where in the brain is it located?

A

Circle of willis

Subarachnoid space

69
Q

Anterior circulation of the brain originates from ?

A

Internal carotid arteries

70
Q

Posterior circulation of the brain originates from ?

A

Vertebral arteries

71
Q

The anterior circle of willis is formed by which arteries?

A 
Posterior cerebral
Posterior communicating 
Internal carotid
Anterior cerebral 
Anterior communicating
72
Q

R and L vertebral arteries join to form ?

A

Basilar artery

73
Q

Basilar artery splits to form ?

A

R and L posterior cerebral artery

74
Q

What supplies the posterior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres including the occipital lobe?

A

Posterior cerebral arteries

75
Q

What is the function of the posterior communicating artery?

A

Connects the anterior and posterior circulations (branch of ICA and branch of posterior cerebral artery)

76
Q

What gives rise to ophthalmic arteries?

77
Q

ICA gives rise to middle cerebral arteries. True or False?

78
Q

What arteries supply the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Middle cerebral arteries

79
Q

What does middle cerebral arteries give rise to?

A

Anterior cerebral arteries

80
Q

What arteries supply the medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres?

A

Anterior cerebral arteries

81
Q

What is the main venous drainage network of the brain?

A

Dural venous sinuses

82
Q

The superior and inferior sagittal sinus is located where?

A

In the Falx Cerebri

83
Q

Pathway of venous drainage in the brain

A

Superior/inferior sagittal sinus –>
confluence of sinuses –>
Sigmoid sinus –>
IJV –> IJV leaves skull through jugular foramen

84
Q

What passes through the cavernous sinus?

A 
Internal carotid artery 
CN III
CN IV 
CN V1
CN V2
CN VI
85
Q

Components of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

86
Q

Thalamus - function

A

Modulates motor function by having connections with the motor cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum

87
Q

Hypothalamus - function

A

Thermal regulation
Regulates hormone release
Regulates feeding and starvation

88
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Inferior to the cerebral hemispheres

Tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

89
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

Balance and coordination of muscles and the body

An intended movement occurs in motor cortex.
Cerebellum helps corticospinal tract plan that movement then the movement occurs.
Cerebellum signals to the thalamus to alter the movements to ensure they are smoothly executed

90
Q

The cerebellum has 2 hemispheres that are united by which narrow midline structure?

91
Q

What lobes are present in the cerebellum?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

92
Q

The cerebellum contains sulci and gyri - true or false?

A

False

it contains sulci and folia

93
Q

What is the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Grey matter found deep in the white matter core

94
Q

What are peduncles?

A

White matter tracts that attach the cerebellum to the brainstem

95
Q

What are the 3 cerebellar layers

A

Molecular layer (outer)
Purkinje cell layer (middle)
granule cell layer (inner)

96
Q

Sensory inputs to the cerebellum enter cerebellar peduncles and project to which cerebellar layer?

A

Granule layer

97
Q

The only motor output from the cerebellum is from which cell layer?

A

Purkinje cells

98
Q

Cerebellar dysfunction symptoms - pneumonic

A 
Dysdiadochinesia 
Ataxia
Nystagmus 
Intention tremor
Scanning dysarthria 
Hypotonia
99
Q

Basal ganglia is an essential part of the SENSORY/MOTOR system?

100
Q

Functions of basal ganglia

A

Facilitate purposeful movement
Inhibit unwanted movement
Role in posture and muscle tone

101
Q

Basal ganglia contains a series of WHITE/GREY matter structures?

A

Grey matter

102
Q

Name the 5 components of the basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate nucleus 
Putamen
Globus pallidus 
Subthalamic nucleus  
Substantia nigra
103
Q

What are the components of the striatum?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

104
Q

What are the components of the lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

105
Q

Which component of the basal ganglia has 2 stripes?

A

Globus pallidus

106
Q

How does the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to enhance normal movement?

A

Excitation of desired movement +

Inhibition of undesired movement

107
Q

How does the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to suppress unwanted movement

A

Inhibits outflow from the thalamus

108
Q

Unilateral lesions in the basal ganglia affect the IPSILATERAL:/CONTRALATERAL side of the body?

A

Contralateral

109
Q

Lesions in the basal ganglia cause the following motor signs

A 
Change in muscle tone
Dyskinesia 
- tremor
- chorea
- myoclonus
110
Q

Which fibres connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere?

A

Association fibres

111
Q

Which fibres connect one hemisphere to the other (usually connecting areas with similar function)?

A

Comissural fibres

112
Q

Which fibres connect hemispheres to deeper structures (eg thalamus, brainstem, SC)

A

Projection fibres

113
Q

What are the 5 layers of scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis 
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
114
Q

Which layer of the scalp contains the main arterial blood supply for the scalp?

A

Connective tissue

- branches from ECA and ICA

115
Q

Sutures are cartilaginous joints. True or false?

A

False

- fibrous joints

116
Q

What is the function of sutures?

A

Connect the bones of the skull

Helps prevent skull fractures from spreading to other bones

117
Q

What is the pterion?

A

H shaped suture where all the skull bones (apart from occipital) meet

118
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for memory?

A

Temporal lobe

119
Q

Which lobe of the brain is important for executive function (i.e. making lists)?

A

Frontal lobe

Neurology SOH (31 decks)

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