Anatomy/Physiology of CV & Pulmonary Function

Question 1

What form of energy metabolism occurs at the heart.

Answer 1

Aerobic

Question 2

What is the Aorta’s relationship and position with the heart?

Answer 2

Exits upwards from the LV. Delivers oxygenated blood to the body.

Question 3

What is the Pulmonary Artery’s relationship and position with the heart?

Answer 3

Leaves from the RV. Delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Question 4

Do heart valves provide one-way or two-way flow?

Answer 4

One-way flow when functioning normally.

Question 5

Which type of valve is associated with diastole (ventricular filling) & preventing any backflow?

Answer 5

Semilunar Valve.

Question 6

Which type of valve is associated with ventricular systole (ejection) & preventing any backflow?

Answer 6

Atrioventricular Valve.

Question 7

Blood from the head, neck, and arms, makes its way to the right atrium via which structure?

Answer 7

Superior Vena Cava (upper systemic circuit)

Question 8

Blood from “below” the neck makes it’s way to the right atrium via which structure?

Answer 8

Inferior Vena Cava (lower systemic circuit)

Question 9

Pulmonary Arteries take blood from _____ to _____ ?

Answer 9

From (Right Atrium > Right Ventricle) to R & L Lungs.

Question 10

What structure returns blood from the lungs to the heart?

Answer 10

Pulmonary Veins (2 veins for each lung, 4 total).

Question 11

What is Stroke Volume (SV)?

Answer 11

The amount of blood ejected w/ each contraction.

Question 12

What is a normal stroke volume?

Answer 12

55 - 100 mL/beat

Question 13

What 3 factors affect stoke volume?

Answer 13

Preload, Inotropy, Afterload.

Question 14

What is Preload? (LVEDV)

Answer 14

(Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume): the amount of blood left in the ventricle at the end of diastole.

Question 15

What is Inotropy?

Answer 15

The ability of the ventricle to contract.

Question 16

What is Afterload?

Answer 16

The force the LV must generate during systole to overcome aortic pressure to open the aortic valve.

Question 17

What is Cardiac Output (CO)?

Answer 17

(SV * HR = CO) The amount of blood discharged from the Left or Right ventricle per minute.

Question 18

What is the average CO of an adult at rest?

Answer 18

4-5 L / min

Question 19

What is Ejection Fraction (EF)?

Answer 19

The percentage of blood emptied from the ventricle during systole.

Question 20

What is the formula for Ejection Fraction?

Answer 20

EF = SV (Stroke Volume) / LVEDV (Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume)

Question 21

What is a normal EF %

Answer 21

60 - 70%

Question 22

What is Systole and what # should it be?

Answer 22

Ventricular Contraction / Normal ESV = 50mL

Question 23

What is Diastole and what # should it be?

Answer 23

Ventricular relaxation & filling of blood / Normal EDV = 120 mL.

Question 24

For S1 to indicate normal closure of mitral & tricuspid valves, a _____ sound should be heard.

Answer 24

“LUB” (ventricular systole)

Question 25

For S2 to indicate normal closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves, a _____ sound should be heard.

Answer 25

"DUB" (ventricular diastole)

Question 26

In healthy people, the cusps / leaflets of the heart valves should be ______ when closed, to prevent ______ ?

Answer 26

Valves should overlap each other to prevent backflow or regurgitation.

Question 27

Describe the sequence of the valves of a heart beat.

Answer 27

Aortic Pressure > (Semilunar Valves Open | Aortic Valve Close) "LUB" Ventricular Pressure > (Semilunar Valves Close | AV Open) "DUB"

Question 28

What are 2 major types of valvular disease?

Answer 28

Regurgitant (back flow) & Stenosis (narrowing)

Question 29

Where are valvular diseases most prone to on the heart?

Answer 29

LEFT side due to higher pressures.

Question 30

What is a heart murmer?

Answer 30

An extra or unusual sound heard during a heart beat.

Question 31

Which is longer: (S1 to S2), or (S2 to S1)?

Answer 31

Time duration between S1 & S2 is half as long between S2 & the next S1.

Question 32

If there is an S3 present, is that normal or abnormal? What does it indicate?

Answer 32

S3 = "lub-dub-ta" - It is a ventricular gallup indicating heart failure or an enlarged heart.

Question 33

If there is an S4 present, is that normal? What does it indicate?

Answer 33

S4 = "ba-DUM" bump - It is an atrial gallup indicating stiff ventricle (poor elasticity of the chamber - can't fully extend)

Question 34

Which artery or circulation pathway supplies the heart with O2?

Answer 34

Coronary Artery or Coronary Circulation.

Question 35

What supplies blood supply to the LV & LA, specifically the lateral walls?

Answer 35

Left Main Coronary Artery

Question 36

What supplies blood supply to the L & R Ventricles?

Answer 36

Left Anterior Descending Artery

Question 37

What does the right main coronary artery (RCA) supply blood to?

Answer 37

RA, RV, LV, AV node, Bundle of His