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RB Y2 MSK 02 - Rheumatology > Anatomy: Overview of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Anatomy: Overview of the Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

what are the superficial gluteal muscles

A

gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae

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3
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region innervated by

A

gluteal nerves:

gluteal maximum: inferior gluteal

all other: superior gluteal

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4
Q

what are the deep muscles of the gluteal region innervated by

A

nerves from the sacral plexus

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5
Q

what is the function to the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

A

extensors (gluteus maximus)

abductors and medial rotators of thigh(gluteus med and min)

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6
Q

what is the function of the deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

-lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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7
Q

Trendelenburg’s gait

A

when the pelvis drops on opposite side of the raised limb - indicates that the abductor muscles on the standing limb are weakened or paralysed (superficial muscles)

due to lesion in sup gluteal nerve

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

what quarter of the gluteal region would you use for injections

A

lateral upper

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10
Q

what are the greater and lesser sciatic foramens formed by

A

sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

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11
Q

what forms the sciatic nerves

A

L4-S3

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12
Q

what forms the pudendal nerves

A

S2-S4

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13
Q

what forms the -Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

A

S1-S3

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14
Q

what is the principal nerve to the perineum

A

pudendal nerve

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15
Q

what is the largest nerve in the body

A

sciatic (L4-S3)

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16
Q

what does the posterior cuatenous nerve of the thigh supply

A

skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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17
Q

the sciatic nerve

A
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18
Q

where does the sciatic nerve usually exit

A

inferior to piriformis

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19
Q

what does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region

A

nothing

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20
Q

what 2 nerves does the sciatic nerve consist of

A

tibial nerve and common fibular bunched together - separate in distal posterior thigh

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21
Q

what is the superior boundary of the femoral triangle

A

inguinal ligament

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22
Q

what is the medial border of the femoral triangle

A

lateral border of the adductor longus

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23
Q

what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle

A

medial broder of the sartorius

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24
Q

what forms the floor of the femoral triangle

A

iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially

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25
Q

what forms the roof of the femoral triangle

A

deep fascia (fascia lata)

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26
Q

name the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial

A

femoral nerve

femoral artery

femoral vein

lymphatics

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27
Q

what is the femoral triangle surrounded by

A

connective tissue - femoral sheath

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28
Q

what forms the inguinal ligament

A

inferior edge of the external oblique aponeurosis

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29
Q

what is not found in the femoral sheath

A

femoral nerve

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

compartment syndrome

A

swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) causes increased pressure, as the fascia creates an enclosed compartment.

affects the function of muscles of nerves in the compartment.

can be acute or chronic

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32
Q

how is the pressure form compartment syndrome relieved in an emergency

A

fasciotomy

must be done ASAP to reduce risk of irreversible ischaemia

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33
Q

what 4 muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

flexors of the thigh: pectinues, ilipsoas and sartorius

extensor of the thigh: quadriceps femoris

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34
Q

what nerve are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh supplied by

A

femoral nerve (L2-L4)

psoas major nerve (L1-L3) supplies the iliopsoas

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35
Q

what 5 muscles are found in the medial compartment of the thigh

A

adductors of the thigh: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

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36
Q

what nerve are the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh supplied by

A

obturator nerve (L2-L4)

the hamstring part of adductor magnus is supplied by the tibial nerve

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37
Q

what muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

extensors of thigh and flexors of the leg: semitendinosus, semimembranosus & biceps femoris

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38
Q

what nerve are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh supplied by

A

tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

the short head of biceps femoris is supplied by common fibular divison of sciatic nerve

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39
Q

what is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

dorsiflexors of ankle & extensors of toes

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40
Q

what muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius

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41
Q

what are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg supplied by

A

deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)

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42
Q

what is the function of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

foot eversion and weakly plantar flex ankle

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43
Q

what muscles are found in the lateral compartment of the leg

A

fibularis longus and brevis

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44
Q

what are the muscles in the lateral group of the leg supplied by

A

superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

45
Q

what muscles are in the superifical group of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

46
Q

what muscles are in the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

47
Q

what are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg supplied by

A

tibial nerve

48
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint

A

synovial

49
Q

what is the ‘socket’ of the hip joint

A

acetabulum

50
Q

what are the hip joint ligaments formed from

A

thick part of fibrous layer of joint capsule

51
Q

what are the 3 ligaments around the hip joint

A
  • iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral
  • note: the iliofemoral is an upside down Y shape
52
Q

what is this ligament

A

iliofemoral

53
Q

what is this ligament

A

ischiofemoral

54
Q

describe the head of the femurs arterial supply

A

has its own arterial supply that runs to the head of the femur in the ligamentum teres

55
Q
A
56
Q

what do the medial and lateral circumfex arteries do

A

anastomose around the femur

57
Q

where do the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries usually come from

A

deep femoral artery

58
Q

what do the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries give off

A

retinacular arteries

59
Q

what does the artery to the head of the femur branch off from

A

obturator

60
Q
A
61
Q

what type of joint is the knee joint

A

synovial

62
Q

name the 3 articulations of the knee joint

A

2 x femerotibial and 1 x femeropatellar

63
Q

how is the knee joint strenghtened

A

by ligaments

64
Q

L - M, anterior view

A
65
Q

extracapsular ligaments of the knee

A
66
Q

what are minisci

A

fibrocartilage

67
Q

waht are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee

A

patellar

fibular (lateral collateral)

tibial (medial collateral)

68
Q

what are the intra articular knee ligaments

A

within joint

ant and pos cruciate

69
Q

what are the menisci in the knee joint

A

medial and lateral mensici

70
Q

types of meniscal tear

A
71
Q

name the borders of the popliteal fossa

A

superolaterally – biceps femoris

superomedially – semimembranosus

inferiorly – gastrocnemius

roof – popliteal fascia

72
Q

what is another name for the calcineal tendon

A

achilles tendon

73
Q
A
74
Q

what is the achilles tendon formed from

A

tendons of soleus and gastrocnemius together

75
Q

where does the achilles tendon attach

A

-attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

76
Q

what does the ankle jerk reflex result in and what nerves does it test

A

plantar flexion

S1 and S2 nerve roots

77
Q

what arteries around the hip joint are susceptible to damage in intarcapsular fractures

A

retinuacular arteries

78
Q

what can corticosteroids cause in the femoral head

A

avacular necrosis

79
Q

what are the small end arteries in the head of teh femur susceptible to

A

blockage eg fat, thrombus, nitrogen gas

80
Q
A
81
Q

what muscle can be used as a tendon graft eg for ACL reconstruction

A

semitendinosus

82
Q

what must be examined in patients that present with knee pain

A

HIP

  • obturator nerve can refer pain from hip pathology to knee
83
Q

what is the adductor canal also called

A

Hunter’s canal

84
Q

where does the adductor canal extend to and from

A

apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus of adductor magnus

85
Q

what does the adductor canal contain

A

femoral vein, artery and saphenous nerve (branch of femoral nerve)

86
Q

where do the femoral artery and vein become the popliteal artery and vein

A

adductor hiatus (adductor magnus)

87
Q

which menisci if fixed and which is mobile

A

MM fixed

LM mobile

88
Q

which way does the patella always dislocate

and what test is performed to detect patellar instability

A

laterally

patellar apprehension test

89
Q

what resists valgus stress

A

MCL

90
Q

what does the ACL resist

A

internal rotation and anterior translation of tibia

91
Q

what does the PCL resist

A

posterior translation of the tibia or anterior translation of femur

also hyperextension of the leg

92
Q

what does the LCL do

A

resist varus stress and helps to resist external rotation

93
Q

what is our tibiofemoral angle on average

A

6 degrees valgus

94
Q

what do people with genu varum have increased risk of

A

medial OA

  • converse for genu valgum
95
Q
A
96
Q

what will cause increased synovial fluid in the knee joint

A

acute meniscal tear and degenerative conditions

97
Q

what causes lipohaemarthrosis in the knee joint

A

fracture

98
Q

what movements comprise pronation of the forefoot

A

eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion

99
Q

abduction and adduction of the hindfoot

A
100
Q

what movements comprise supination of the foot

A

inversion, adduction and plantar flexion

101
Q

what happens if the tibial posterior tendon elongates

A

flat foot

102
Q

what is another name for flat foot

A

pes planus

103
Q

quadriceps muscles

A
104
Q

movement of the tibia during flexion and extension of the knee

A

knee pivots on medial compartment (medial minisci fixed) during flexion and extension

tibia interally rotates on flexion and externally rotates on extension

105
Q
A
106
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of the lower leg

A
  • superficial lymphatics to superficial ingiunal nodes
  • deep lymphatics to deep inguinal nodes
  • then to external iliac nodes
  • common iliac
  • lumbar
107
Q
A
108
Q

what do the PCL and LCL resist

A

external rotation

RB Y2 MSK 02 - Rheumatology (33 decks)

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