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Anatomy Exam 1 > Anatomy (Nervous System) > Flashcards

Anatomy (Nervous System) Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis (2)

A
  • Tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equalibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
  • Maintained by autonomic nervous system
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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (1) & Controls (3)

A
  • Visceral motor functions
  • Contorls:
    1. Cardiac muscle
    2. Smooth muscle
    3. Glands
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3
Q

What controls BV’s and how?

A
  • Sympathetic contracts BV’s and turning it off dialates BV’s
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4
Q

Sympathetic Autonomic Ganglia

A
  • Paravertebral ganglion (sympathetic chain ganglia)
  • Prevertebral ganglia are assoicated with large BV’s in abdomen
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5
Q

Parasympathetic Autonomic Ganglia

A
  • Intramural ganglion are distributed in the wall of the target organ
  • Parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck
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6
Q

Superior Cervical Ganglia

A
  • Inervates all of the head and neck for sympathetic NS
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7
Q

Cranial Nerve 10 (Vegas Nerve) (9)

A

Preganglionic fibers in brain stem

Innervates:

  1. Lungs
  2. Heart
  3. Liver
  4. Stomach
  5. Spleen
  6. Pancreas
  7. Large Intestine
  8. Small Intestine
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8
Q

Sacral Nerves 2-4 (5)

A

Innervate:

  1. Large Intestine
  2. Small Intestine
  3. Rectum
  4. Bladder
  5. Genitalia
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9
Q

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia (4)

A
  • Contains 2 neurons
  • 1 in CNS (T1-L2 Region)
  • 1 in paravertebral ganglia (next to vertebra) or in prevertebral ganaglia
  • Always enter spinal nevre via white matter and leave via gray matter
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10
Q

Pre/Postganglionic Sympathetic & Pre/Postganglionic Parasympathetic Cell Bodies

A

Pre Symp - T1-L2 region of CNS

Post Symp - Paravertebral ganglia or prevertebral ganglia

Pre Para - Brain stem or S2-S4 region of CNS

Post Para - Inner wall of target organ

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11
Q

Sympathetic Option 1

A

Preganglionic fibers - Intermediolateral gray area of T1-L2 -> ventral root into spinal cord -> 2nd neuron in paravertebral ganglion via white ramus communicans

Postganglionic fibers - paravertebral ganglion -> spinal nerve via gray ramus communicans -> dorsal & ventral ramus for distribution

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12
Q

Sympathetic Option 2

A

Preganglionic Fibers - Neurons in Intermediolateral gray matter in T1-L2 -> spinal nerve via ventral root -> paravertebral ganglion via white ramus comminicans -> up or down sympathetic chain to synapse at specific paravertebral ganglion

Postganglionic Fibers - Neurons in paravertebral ganglion -> spinal nevre via gray ramus communicans n-> dorsal and ventral ramus for distribution

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13
Q

Sympathetic Option 3

A

Prevertebral fibers - Neurons in Intermediolateral gray area of T1-L2 -> spinal nerve via ventral root -> paravertebral ganglion via white ramus communicans -> exit chain as splanchnic nerve into prevertebral ganglion

Postganglionic fibers - Neurons in prevertebral ganglia -> target organ via following BV’s or autonomic plexus

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14
Q

Parasympathetic Pathway

A

Preganglionic fiber:

Brain stem - Vegus nerve -> organs in thorax or abdomen until splenic flexure of colon

Sacral Spinal Cord (S2-S4) - Intermediolateral gray area -> spinal nerve via ventral root -> ventral ramus -> decending colon or organs of pelvis or erectile tissue

Postganglionic fibers - neurons in target organ

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15
Q

Visceral Sensory Pathway

A

Visceral fibers from target organs via following sympathetic fibers -> Dorsal root ganglia

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16
Q

Conus Medullaris

A
  • Narrowed end of spinal cord
  • Around L1/L2
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17
Q

Cauda Equina

A
  • Nerve roots after L2
  • Travel inferior to vertebral canal
  • Ex. L4 nerve root exits below L4 vertebra
18
Q

Cervical Spinal Nerves (3)

A
  • 8 cervical spinal nerves
  • C8 nerve exits below C7, rest of the cervial nerves exit superior to respected vertebra
  • Roots exit horizontally
19
Q

White Matter in Spinal Cord

A
  • Myelinated axons
  • Travel up and down spinal sord
  • No nerons
  • Conduite (contains fluid) system
20
Q

Gray Matter of Spinal Cord

A
  • Neuronal and glial cell bodies
  • Lots of neurons
  • Move into and out of spinal cord
21
Q

Posterior (Dorsal) Horn

A
  • Receive sensory information from spinal (dorsal) root ganglia neurons
  • Gray matter
22
Q

Anterior (Ventral) Horn

A
  • Contains somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
  • Gray matter
23
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A
  • Where sensory fibers enter spinal cord
  • Pseudounipolar neurons outside CNS
  • No synapses here
24
Q

Pseudounipolar Neuron (5)

A
  • Part of PNS that sends signals at CNS
  • No synapse in soma (in dorsal root ganglia)
  • Skin receptors take place of dendrites
  • Action potential moves from peripheral process to central process along one axon
  • Only in dorsal root
25
Q

Ventral Root

A
  • Somatic motor fibers from anterior horn
  • Pass from spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscles
26
Q

Spinal Nerve

A
  • Merging of dorsal and ventral root
  • Mixed nerve
  • In the intervertebral foramen
  • Ventral horn -> Spinal nerve via ventral root -> Body via Dorsal or Ventral ramus
  • Body -> Spinal nerve via Dorsal or Ventral ramus -> Dorsal root ganglion -> Dorsal horn via Dorsal root
27
Q

Dorsal vs Ventral Primary Ramus

A

Dorsal - Innervates epaxial muscle and overlying skin. Sub & Greater occipital nerves are only ones named

Ventral - Inervates hypaxial muscles and overlying skin. Most are named

28
Q

Sensory Deficit (numbness)

A
  • Must lose 3 spinal cord levels for total numbness due to each dermatome overlapping adjacet ones by 50%
  • Ex. must lose T2 & T4 to have total numbness in T3 region
29
Q

Trunk Segmentation

A
  • Truely segmental
  • Called dermatome levels
  • T4 is located at areola level
  • T10 is at umbiliocus level
  • T12/L1 is lowest extent of trunk
30
Q

Herpes Zoster (Shingles) vs Diabetes

A

Shingles - isolated & follows a single dermatome level

Diabetes - affects multiple dermatome levels (stocking glove distribution)

31
Q

Plexus Locations

A

Cervical plexus - C2-C6

Brachial plexus - C6-C8

Lumbar plexus - L1-L5

Sacral plexus - L4-S4

*All nerves, not vertebrae

32
Q

Meninges & Order

A
  • Connective tissue that covers spinal cord
    1. Dura mater (most superficial)
    2. Arachnoid membrane
    3. Pia mater (deepest)
33
Q

Dura Mater (5)

A
  • Most superficial meninge
  • “Tough mother”
  • External covering of brain and spinal cord
  • Goes from skull to S2 level of vertebral canal (called dural sac after L1/L2 or end of spinal cord)
  • Dural sleeves extend distally along spinal nerves
34
Q

Arachnoid Membrane (5)

A
  • Middle meninge
  • “Spider’s web”
  • Avascular
  • Follows dural sac & sleeves
  • Not connected to dura mater or pia mater, just between them
35
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • Deepest meningeal layer
  • “Delicate mother”
  • Adherent to spinal cord
  • Dentriculate ligaments extend laterally to hold SC to DM between dorsal & ventral roots
  • Filum terminale covers spinal sord from conus medullaris to coccyx
36
Q

Epoidural Space vs Subarachnoid Space

A

Epidural Space - superficial to dura mater, has fat & internal vertebral venous plexus (drains spinal cord)

Subarachnoid Space - deep to arachnoid membrane & pushes is againt dura mater, and has cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), pushes

37
Q

Lumbar Puncture

A
  • Epidural anesthesia into epidural space between L4/L5 spinous process
  • Spinal anesthesia into CSF collection in subarachnoid space between L3/L4 spinous process
38
Q

Spinal Cord Vasculature (arteries) (4)

A
  • One anterior spinal artery from vertebral artery
  • Two posterior spinal arteries from posterior inferior cerebellar artery
  • Anterior aa gets supplemented by medullary segmental aa at each vertebral level
  • Dorsal and ventral roots are supplied by radicular aa
39
Q

Medullary Segmental Artery Regions

A

Superior

Posterior intercostal aa

Lumbar aa

Lateral sacral aa

Inferior

40
Q

Spinal Cord Vasculature (Veins)

A
  • Internal vertebral plexus (inside vertebral canal in epidural space)
  • External vertebral plexus (outside vertberal canal)
  • Both plexuses anastomose (cross with each other) with each other and other regional veins at every vertebral level which allows infection and cancer to spread
41
Q

Dermatome vs Cutaneous Innervation

A
  • Each dermatome layer has one spinal cord level associated with it
  • Some regions (like limbs) have periphreal nerves that provide cutaneous innervation with invlolve more than one spinal cord level

Anatomy Exam 1 (18 decks)

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