Anatomy: Lecture 11 - Where are our Endocrine Glands? Flashcards by Stefan Tucker

How is the hormone transported?

It is transported via the bloodstream

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What is the Endocrine System?

A number of glands in the body that will manufacture at least one hormone

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How do hormones act on an effector organ?

The hormone has a target site - Receptors on the organ

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What is negative feedback?

The body’s response to change that acts to oppose the change

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What is a positive feedback system?

The body’s response to a change that enhances the change.

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How can the feedback system go wrong?

The cells change their sensitivity to the hormone

A tumour may affect the function of the gland - produces too much hormone - hypersecretion

A Tumour may destroy the gland - hyposecretion

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Where is the hypothalamus located?

It is found in the diencephalon.

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Where is the pituitary gland?

The body of the spehnoid bone there is a pituitary fossa where the gland sits

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What two glands in the head are connect and how?

The Pituitary and the Hypothalamus

Via the Infundibulum.

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How is the pituitary and the hypothalamus connected?

Via the Infundibulum.

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What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

GH - Growth Hormone 
Prolactin - Milk production 
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 
ACTH - Adenocorticotrophic Hormone 
LH - Lutenising Hormone 
FSH - Folicle Stimulaton  Hormone

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What are Hormones involved in regulating?

Metabolism
Growth
Reproductive function (including pregnancy)
The body’s response to physiological stress

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What are the two hypothalmic responses?

Secrete a hormone

Secrete a Inhibitory Hormone

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What is Hypersecretion?

Too much hormone

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What is hyposecretion?

Too Little hormone

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What endocrine glands are found in the head?

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

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What endocrine glands are found in the Neck?

4 Parathyroid Glands

Thyroid Gland

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What endocrine glands are found in the Abdomen?

2 Adrenal Glands

The Pancreas

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What endocrine glands are found in the Pelvis (female)?

2 Ovaries

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What endocrine glands are found in the Pelvis (Male) ?

2 Testes

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What part of the brain are the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary located?

Diencephalon

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Where is the Pituitary gland found?

The Body of the Sphenoid Bone

Midline Pituitary Fossa in the Sphenoid bone

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What is the space in the skull were the spinal cord joins the brain?

The Foramen Magnum

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How is he Hypothalamus and the Pituitary connected?

The Infundibulum

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What can the Pituitary anatomical be divided into?

The Anterior Pituitary | The Posterior Pituitary

What passes down the infundibulum between the Pituitary and Hypothalamus ?

Hypothalamic Neurones

What two hormones does the Hyothalamic neurones manufacture?

Oxytocin Vasopressin ( ADH)

How are the hormones from the hormones in the Anterior Pituitary transported to the Posterior Pituitary?

Via Axoplasmic transport in the axoplasm

What are the two functions of the Hypothalamic Neurones?

releasing hormones -stimulate the anterior pituitary to release its hormone(s) into the bloodstream release-inhibitory hormones -prevent the anterior pituitary releasing hormone(s) into the bloodstream

Where does the Hypothalamic neurones secrete its hormones?

Into the Portal System of Veins

What are the two types of portal system?

Hepatic Portal System Hypophyseal Portal System

Describe the blood flow of the Hepatic Portal System?

``` Splenic Vein Superior Mesenteric Vein Inferenior mesenteric Vein HEPATIC CAPILLARY BED Hepatic Veins Inerferio Vena Cava ```

Describe the blood flow of the Hypophseal Portal System?

Hypothalamic Veins ANTERIOR PITUITARY BED Hyppophyseal Veins Sperior Vena Cava

What are the two hormones the thyroid produces?

triiodothyronine (T3) | Thryroxine (T4)

What element does the Thyroid need to make its hormones?

Iodine

What are the purpose of the Thyroid Hormones?

Regulate Metabolism | Stimulate Growth

What can cause a swollen Thyroid Gland?

A Dietary Lack of Iodine

What is an enlarged Thyroid gland called?

Goitre

Where is the Thyroid located?

Articulates with the Larynx in the anterior neck

Where are the Parathyroid glands located?

Posterior surface of the Thyroid gland's lobes

What do the 4 parathyroid glands manufacture & secrete ?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

PTH controls the amount of calcium in blood and bone

State a hormone that is not under Pituitary control?

PTH - It is reactive to Ca2+ concentration

What is the oxygenated blood supply of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Right inferior thyroid gland | Left superior thyroid artery

Where do the three branches of the arch of the aorta go to?

Head Neck Upper limbs

What are the veins of the thyroid?

superior thyroid veins | middle thyroid veins inferior thyroid veins

What do the thyroid veins join?

The Superior Vena Cava

Where is the pancreas located?

transversely across the retroperitoneum between the duodenum and the spleen

What does the Pancreas receive its blood supply from?

Coeliac trunk | Superior Mesenteric Artery

Where does the Pancreas's venous blood drain to?

Splenic Veins To Superior Mesenteric Vein To Hepatic Portal Vein

What does the endocrine Pancreas produce?

Insulin from the Islets of Langerhans

What are the two parts of the Pancreas?

The exocrine Pancreas | The Endocrine Pancreas

What does the exocrine pancreas produce?

Digestive juices

What is the opening into the Duodenum from the Pancreatic Duct?

Major Duodenal Papilla

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Retroperitoneum

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids androgens

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

adrenaline | noradrenaline

What andrenal hormone is under Pituitary control?

Glucocoerticoids

What is the purpose of glucocorticoids ?

Metabolism

What is the purpose of mineralocorticoids ?

Blood Pressure control

Describe Flight or fight response?

Fear Leads to Sympathetic nervous system to make the organs and arterial go into "self preservation" Secretion of adrenaline or Noradrenaline

What is the fight hormone?

Adrenaline

What is the flight hormone ?

Noradrenaline

What are the vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the adrenal glands?

Superior suprarenal artery Middle suprarenal artery Inferior suprarenal artery

What are the bilateral branches of the abdominal aorta?

adrenal arteries renal arteries gonadal arteries

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal gland?

Right/Left suprarenal vein

What is Progesterone's role?

To prepare the uterus for pregnancy

When is testoerone secreted?

response to LH from the anterior pituitary

What is the role of testosterone & oestrogen ?

oestrogen control the development of secondary sexual characteristics, promote the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates and stimulate sperm and ovum development respectively