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Anatomy - Principles > Anatomy: Lecture 11 - Where are our Endocrine Glands? > Flashcards

Anatomy: Lecture 11 - Where are our Endocrine Glands? Flashcards

0
Q

How is the hormone transported?

A

It is transported via the bloodstream

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1
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

A number of glands in the body that will manufacture at least one hormone

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2
Q

How do hormones act on an effector organ?

A

The hormone has a target site - Receptors on the organ

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3
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

The body’s response to change that acts to oppose the change

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4
Q

What is a positive feedback system?

A

The body’s response to a change that enhances the change.

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5
Q

How can the feedback system go wrong?

A

The cells change their sensitivity to the hormone

A tumour may affect the function of the gland - produces too much hormone - hypersecretion

A Tumour may destroy the gland - hyposecretion

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6
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

It is found in the diencephalon.

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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

The body of the spehnoid bone there is a pituitary fossa where the gland sits

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8
Q

What two glands in the head are connect and how?

A

The Pituitary and the Hypothalamus

Via the Infundibulum.

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9
Q

How is the pituitary and the hypothalamus connected?

A

Via the Infundibulum.

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10
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A 
GH - Growth Hormone 
Prolactin - Milk production 
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 
ACTH - Adenocorticotrophic Hormone 
LH - Lutenising Hormone 
FSH - Folicle Stimulaton  Hormone
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11
Q

What are Hormones involved in regulating?

A

Metabolism
Growth
Reproductive function (including pregnancy)
The body’s response to physiological stress

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12
Q

What are the two hypothalmic responses?

A

Secrete a hormone

Secrete a Inhibitory Hormone

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13
Q

What is Hypersecretion?

A

Too much hormone

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14
Q

What is hyposecretion?

A

Too Little hormone

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15
Q

What endocrine glands are found in the head?

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

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16
Q

What endocrine glands are found in the Neck?

A

4 Parathyroid Glands

Thyroid Gland

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17
Q

What endocrine glands are found in the Abdomen?

A

2 Adrenal Glands

The Pancreas

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18
Q

What endocrine glands are found in the Pelvis (female)?

A

2 Ovaries

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19
Q

What endocrine glands are found in the Pelvis (Male) ?

A

2 Testes

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20
Q

What part of the brain are the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary located?

A

Diencephalon

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21
Q

Where is the Pituitary gland found?

A

The Body of the Sphenoid Bone

Midline Pituitary Fossa in the Sphenoid bone

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22
Q

What is the space in the skull were the spinal cord joins the brain?

A

The Foramen Magnum

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23
Q

How is he Hypothalamus and the Pituitary connected?

A

The Infundibulum

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24
Q

What can the Pituitary anatomical be divided into?

A

The Anterior Pituitary

The Posterior Pituitary

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25
Q

What passes down the infundibulum between the Pituitary and Hypothalamus ?

A

Hypothalamic Neurones

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26
Q

What two hormones does the Hyothalamic neurones manufacture?

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin ( ADH)

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27
Q

How are the hormones from the hormones in the Anterior Pituitary transported to the Posterior Pituitary?

A

Via Axoplasmic transport in the axoplasm

28
Q

What are the two functions of the Hypothalamic Neurones?

A

releasing hormones
-stimulate the anterior pituitary to release its hormone(s) into the bloodstream

release-inhibitory hormones
-prevent the anterior pituitary releasing hormone(s) into the bloodstream

29
Q

Where does the Hypothalamic neurones secrete its hormones?

A

Into the Portal System of Veins

30
Q

What are the two types of portal system?

A

Hepatic Portal System

Hypophyseal Portal System

31
Q

Describe the blood flow of the Hepatic Portal System?

A 
Splenic Vein 
Superior Mesenteric Vein 
Inferenior mesenteric Vein 
HEPATIC CAPILLARY BED
Hepatic Veins 
Inerferio Vena Cava
32
Q

Describe the blood flow of the Hypophseal Portal System?

A

Hypothalamic Veins
ANTERIOR PITUITARY BED
Hyppophyseal Veins
Sperior Vena Cava

33
Q

What are the two hormones the thyroid produces?

A

triiodothyronine (T3)

Thryroxine (T4)

34
Q

What element does the Thyroid need to make its hormones?

A

Iodine

35
Q

What are the purpose of the Thyroid Hormones?

A

Regulate Metabolism

Stimulate Growth

36
Q

What can cause a swollen Thyroid Gland?

A

A Dietary Lack of Iodine

37
Q

What is an enlarged Thyroid gland called?

A

Goitre

38
Q

Where is the Thyroid located?

A

Articulates with the Larynx in the anterior neck

39
Q

Where are the Parathyroid glands located?

A

Posterior surface of the Thyroid gland’s lobes

40
Q

What do the 4 parathyroid glands manufacture & secrete ?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

41
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

PTH controls the amount of calcium in blood and bone

42
Q

State a hormone that is not under Pituitary control?

A

PTH - It is reactive to Ca2+ concentration

43
Q

What is the oxygenated blood supply of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Right inferior thyroid gland

Left superior thyroid artery

44
Q

Where do the three branches of the arch of the aorta go to?

A

Head
Neck
Upper limbs

45
Q

What are the veins of the thyroid?

A

superior thyroid veins

middle thyroid veins inferior thyroid veins

46
Q

What do the thyroid veins join?

A

The Superior Vena Cava

47
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

transversely across the retroperitoneum between the duodenum and the spleen

48
Q

What does the Pancreas receive its blood supply from?

A

Coeliac trunk

Superior Mesenteric Artery

49
Q

Where does the Pancreas’s venous blood drain to?

A

Splenic Veins
To Superior Mesenteric Vein
To Hepatic Portal Vein

50
Q

What does the endocrine Pancreas produce?

A

Insulin from the Islets of Langerhans

51
Q

What are the two parts of the Pancreas?

A

The exocrine Pancreas

The Endocrine Pancreas

52
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas produce?

A

Digestive juices

53
Q

What is the opening into the Duodenum from the Pancreatic Duct?

A

Major Duodenal Papilla

54
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Retroperitoneum

55
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
androgens

56
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

57
Q

What andrenal hormone is under Pituitary control?

A

Glucocoerticoids

58
Q

What is the purpose of glucocorticoids ?

A

Metabolism

59
Q

What is the purpose of mineralocorticoids ?

A

Blood Pressure control

60
Q

Describe Flight or fight response?

A

Fear

Leads to Sympathetic nervous system to make the organs and arterial go into “self preservation”

Secretion of adrenaline or Noradrenaline

61
Q

What is the fight hormone?

A

Adrenaline

62
Q

What is the flight hormone ?

A

Noradrenaline

63
Q

What are the vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the adrenal glands?

A

Superior suprarenal artery
Middle suprarenal artery
Inferior suprarenal artery

64
Q

What are the bilateral branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

adrenal arteries
renal arteries
gonadal arteries

65
Q

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal gland?

A

Right/Left suprarenal vein

66
Q

What is Progesterone’s role?

A

To prepare the uterus for pregnancy

67
Q

When is testoerone secreted?

A

response to LH from the anterior pituitary

68
Q

What is the role of testosterone & oestrogen ?

A

oestrogen control the development of secondary sexual characteristics, promote the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates and stimulate sperm and ovum development respectively

Anatomy - Principles (11 decks)

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