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Anatomy - Principles > Aanatomy: What do Nerves do (Part 1) > Flashcards

Aanatomy: What do Nerves do (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Nerve system?

A

Sense things (sensory functions)

Move about (motor/organ functions)

Make secretions (included as organ function)

React reflexly (reflexes)

Higher functions

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2
Q

How can the nervous system be divided?

A

Central Nervous system

Peripheral Nervous system

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3
Q

In the CNS what is a group of cell bodies called?

A

A Nucleus

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4
Q

In the PNS what is a group of cell bodies called?

A

A ganglion

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5
Q

What are bundles of axons travelling in the CNS called?

A

A Tract

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6
Q

What are the bundles of axons travelling in the PNS called?

A

A Peripheral nerve

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7
Q

What covers the axon for insulation?

A

Myelin sheath

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8
Q

When is the term “nerve” used?

A

When referring to the peripheral nerve

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9
Q

What are bundles of axons that leave the peripheral nerve called?

A

Branches

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10
Q

Where must a peripheral nerve synapse?

A

In the ganglion in the PNS - where the cell bodies are found

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11
Q

What type of signal is sent?

A

Initially a electrical signal is sent. It then forms a chemical signal

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12
Q

How can the brain be divided into two?

A

The Cerebrum

The Cerebellum

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13
Q

How can the cerebrum be divided?

A

Left Cerebral Hemisphere

Right Cerebral Hemisphere

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14
Q

What are gyri?

A

Ridge on the cerebral neocortex (cortex ) of the brain

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15
Q

What are Sulci?

A

Fissure/Furrow on the cerebral neocortex (cortex) of the brain

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16
Q

What is the cerebral neocortex composed of?

A

Gyri

Sulci

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17
Q

How many lobes does the cerebral hemisphere consist of?

A

4 lobes

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18
Q

How are the 4 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere named?

A

According to the bone of the cranial vault they lie in

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19
Q

What are the names of the lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Occipital lobe

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20
Q

What separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres sagittally of the brain?

A

The Longitudinal fissure

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21
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A 
CN I - The Olfactory Nerve 
CNII - The Optic Nerve 
CNIII - The Oculomotor Nerve 
CNIV - The Trochlear Nerve 
CN V - The  Trigeminal Nerve 
CN VI - The Abducent Nerve 
CN VII - The Facial Nerve 
CN VIII - The Vestibulocochlear 
CN IX - The Glossopharyngeal
CN X - The Vagus Nerve 
CN XI - The Spinal Accessory 
CN XII - The Hypoglossal nerve
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22
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord

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23
Q

What are the fossa of the skull?

A

The Anterior Cranial Fossa
The Middle Fossa
The Posterior Cranial Fossa

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24
Q

What Foraminae are found in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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25
Q

What Foraminae are found in the Middle cranial Fossa (On the sphenoid bone)?

A

Optic Canal
Superior Orbital fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale

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26
Q

What Foraminae are found in the Middle Cranial Fossa (On the temporal bone) ?

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

Jugular Foramen

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27
Q

What Foraminae are found in the Posterior Cranial Fossa (The Occipital bone)

A

Hypoglossal Canal

Foramen Magnum

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28
Q

What cranial nerve’s foramenae are in the Anterior Cranial Fossa?

A

CN I

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29
Q

What cranial nerve’s foramenae are in the Middle Cranial Fossa?

A

CN II - CN VI

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30
Q

What cranial nerve’s foramenae are in the Posterior Cranial Fossa?

A

CN VII - CN XII

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31
Q

What is the name given for a CNs journey between CNS and the peripheral structures it supplies

A

Its Course

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32
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons - giving it a white appearance

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33
Q

What type of matter is the spinal cord?

A

White matter

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34
Q

What is the grey matter?

A

The outermost layer is full of cell bodies

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35
Q

Describe the spinal cord?

A

Spinal cord runs down centre

White matter is located superficcally

Grey matter deep to the white matter

Anterior Horn of spinal cord - thicker part of grey matter

Posterior Horn of spinal cord - thinner part of grey matter

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36
Q

What are the parts of the spine?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral/coccygeal

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37
Q

What foramen does the spinal cord pass through?

A

Passes through the Foramen Magnum

38
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

The Vertebral canal

39
Q

What does the spinal cord connect to bilaterally?

A

31 spinal nerves

40
Q

What are the two enlargements of the spine?

A

Cervical enlargement

Lumbosacral enlargement

41
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Ends at the L1/L2 disc level

42
Q

What forms the Vertebral canal?

A

The Vertebral Foramen

43
Q

What are the parts of the spine?

A 
C1-7
T1-12
L1-5
5 Sacral Vertebrae
4 Coccygeal Vertebrae
44
Q

What is the name of the part of the spine were the spinal cord ends?

A

The Conus Medullaris

45
Q

What is the name given to the extra vertebral column with no spinal cord in it?

A

The Cauda Equina

46
Q

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8 pairs

47
Q

How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

48
Q

How many pairs of Lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

49
Q

How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves are there?

A

5 pairs

50
Q

How many pairs coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

1 pair

51
Q

Where are the spinal nerves located?

A

In the Intervertebral foramen

52
Q

What is the name of the posterior branch of the spinal nerve?

A

The Posterior ramus

53
Q

What connect the spinal nerve to the spinal cord?

A

Roots and rootlets

54
Q

What connects the structures of the body wall to the spinal nerve?

A

The Rami

55
Q

What aspect of the spinal nerve branches is bigger?

A

The Anterior aspect is bigger than the Posterior

56
Q

Where is the anterior ramus located?

A

In the Anterolateral body wall

57
Q

Where is the anterior roots and rootlets located?

A

In the Vertebral canal

58
Q

Where is the posterior ramus located?

A

In the Posterior Body wall

59
Q

What pars of the body wall do the spinal nerves supply?

A

Every Pair of Spinal Nerves supply one strip of the body wall

60
Q

What is the dermatome map?

A

the “segmental” arrangement of the spinal nerves supply to the body wall

61
Q

What is the dermatome of the spinal nerve?

A

The area of skin (strip) supplied by both the anterior and the posterior rami

62
Q

What part of the dermatome does the posterior rami supply?

A

The Paramedian strio

63
Q

What rami supply the limbs?

A

The Anterior Rami - Via the Plexi

64
Q

What do the large anterior rami supply?

A

Remainder of the Posterior Part of the dematome
Lateral Dematome
Anterior Dematome
Limb Dermatome

65
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Plexi are networks of interwined anterior rami axons

66
Q

What does the=cervical plexus consist of?

A

C1 - C4

67
Q

What does the right cervical plexus supply?

A

Supplies the Neck Wall

68
Q

What does the Brachial Plexus consist of?

A

C5-T1

69
Q

What does the Lumbar Plexus consist of?

A

L1-L4

70
Q

What does the Brachial Plexus supply?

A

Upper Limb

71
Q

What does the Lumbar Plexus supply?

A

Lower Limb

72
Q

What does the Sacral Plexus consist of?

A

L5 - S4

73
Q

What does the Sacral Plexus supply?

A

Pelvis
Perineum
Lower Limb

74
Q

What is the Musculocutaneous Nerve?

A

Named nerve branch of the Brachial Plexus

75
Q

What is the musculocutaneous nerve made from?

A

Axons from C5 and C6 anterior rami

76
Q

What do named nerves result from?

A

A Plexus

77
Q

What are the named nerves that result in supply to the upper limb?

A 
axillary nerve
median nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
radial nerve
ulnar nerve
78
Q

How is the Peripheral Nervous system wired?

A

wiring going from head to brain
wiring going from brain to head
wiring going from body & limbs to brain
wiring going from brain to body & limbs
wiring going from organs to brain
2 sets of wiring going from brain to organs
wiring going from brain to “body wall organs

79
Q

What are Cranial nerves wired between?

A

wiring going from head to brain
wiring going from brain to head

Connect with the brain

80
Q

What are Spinal nerves wired between?

A

wiring going from body & limbs to brain

wiring going from brain to body & limbs

81
Q

What are autonomic nerves wired between?

A

2 sets of wiring going from brain to organs

wiring going from brain to “body wall organs”

82
Q

What is CNS composed of?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

83
Q

What are the only spinal cord segments that have lateral Horns?

A

T1

L2

84
Q

Why do T1 and L2 have lateral horns?

A

Cell bodies of the next sympathetic neurones in the chain

85
Q

Where are sympathetic axons in the spinal cord?

A

Descend from the brain in the spinal cord white matter

86
Q

Describe the Sympathetic supply to the Soma.

A

Autonomic centres in brain send signal

Connections from T1-L2 via Rami Communicans

Sympathic trunks run the full length of the vertebral column

87
Q

What cranial nerves contain the parasympathetic axons?

A

Cranial Nerve III
Cranial Nerve VII
Cranial Nerve IX
Cranial Nerve X

Mainly the vagus nerves

88
Q

What nerves carry the parasympathetic system for organs of the hindgut, pelvis and perineum?

A

Sacral spinal nerves

89
Q

Where does the Parasympathetic Outflow travel to?

A

Internal Organs
Glands
(travels to everything the sympathetic system does, but not skeletal muscle )

90
Q

How many Parasympathetic ganglia are in the head?

A

4 Parasympathetic Ganglia

Anatomy - Principles (11 decks)

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