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Anatomy - Principles > Anatomy: Lecture 10 - Intestines > Flashcards

Anatomy: Lecture 10 - Intestines Flashcards

0
Q

What does the Upper GI Tract comprise of?

A

Oral Cavity
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Oesophagus

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1
Q

What is the GI Tract?

A

A continuous hollow tube from the oral cavity to the Anus. Lined by specialised mucosae

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the Stomach?

A

Defence - stomach acid
Digestion
Absorption

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the small intestine?

A

Digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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4
Q

What does the lower GI Tract compose of?

A 
Caecum 
Appendix 
Colon
Rectum 
Anal canal
Anus
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5
Q

What is the function of the lower GI Tract

A

Defence - via commensal bacteria

Absorption - H20 and electrolytes

Excretion and formation of stool

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6
Q

What types of intestines are there?

A

Small intestine

Large Intestine

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7
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

It is 7 meters long

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8
Q

What does the small intestine comprise of?

A

(From Proximal to distal)
The Duodenum
The Jejunum
The Ileum

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9
Q

What does the large intestine comprise of?

A

The Colon
The Rectum
The Anal Canal
The Anus

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10
Q

What are the parts of the Colon?

A

The Caecum - Proximal to Appendix
The Appendix - Most proximal part
The Ascending Colon - In the Sagittal plane (Right)
The Transverse Colon - The transverse plane
The Descending Colon - Sagittal plane (Left)
The Sigmoid Colon - Final part of the colon

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11
Q

What layers constitute the walls of the Intestines?

A

Inner Mucosa Layer
Inner Circularly arrange Smooth Muscle
Outer Longitudinal Smooth Muscle

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12
Q

What is the function of the muscle layers of the GI tract?

A

To move contents distally

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13
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

Waves of simultaneous shortening of the length of segment, and narrowing of the luminal diameter

Moves contents distally

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the longitudinal layer of Smooth Muscle in Intestines?

A

It shortens the tube

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the inner circular layer of smooth muscle of the Intestines?

A

Narrows the diameter of the lumen

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16
Q

Describe how Peristalsis works.

A

The Peristaltic wave spreads down the tract from proximal to distal
- contents are pushed distally

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17
Q

What types of mucosa lining are in the GI Tract?

A

Protective
Secretory
Absorptive (Nutrients)
Absorptive (Water and Electrolytes)

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18
Q

What mucosa is found in the Oral Cavity?

A

Protect Mucosa

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19
Q

What is the purpose of Protective Mucosa?

A

Used in areas of greatest mechanical friction

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20
Q

What mucosa is found in the Oesophagus?

A

Protective Mucosa

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21
Q

What mucosa is found in the Anus?

A

Protective Mucosa

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22
Q

What mucosa is found in the Stomach?

A

Secretory Mucosa

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23
Q

What mucosa are found in the small intestine?

A

Absorptive (Nutrient) mucosa

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24
Q

What mucosa is found in the Large Intestine ?

A

Absorptive (Water and Electrolyte) Mucosa

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25
Q

What parts of the GI Tract are in the head?

A

Oral Cavity

Pharynx

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26
Q

What parts of the GI Tract are in the Chest?

A

Oesophagus

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27
Q

What parts of the GI Tract are in the Neck?

A

Pharynx

Oesophagus

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28
Q

What parts of the GI Tract are in the Abdomen?

A

Stomach

Small Intestine

Most of Large Intestine

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29
Q

What parts of the GI Tract are in the Pelvis?

A

Rectum

Anal Canal

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30
Q

What parts of the GI Tract are in the Perineum?

A

Anus

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31
Q

What are the Cavities of the body?

A

Cranial

Chest Cavity

Abdominal Cavity

Pelvic Cavity

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32
Q

What separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

The diaphragm

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33
Q

What are the body walls of the body?

A 
The Chest Wall
The Back
The Diaphragm - the internal wall 
The Pelvic wall 
The Upper Limbs
The Lower Limbs
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34
Q

What is floor of the cranial vault?

A

The Base of the skull is its floor

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35
Q

How is the chest cavity divided?

A

Right/Left Pleural Cavity

Mediastinum

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36
Q

What is the floor of the Chest Cavity?

A

The Diaphragm.

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37
Q

How is the Abdominal divided?

A

The Peritoneal Cavity

The Retroperitoneum

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38
Q

What two cavities are continue with eachother?

A

The Abdominal Cavity

The Pelvic Cavity

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39
Q

What is the floor of the Pelvic Cavity?

A

The Pelvic Diaphragm

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40
Q

What is the name given to the body wall?

A

The Soma

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41
Q

What are the structures of the soma?

A 
Skin
Fascia
Skeletal Muscle 
Skeleton 
Internal Lining layer of body cavity
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42
Q

What are the contents of the cranial cavity?

A

The Brain

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43
Q

What are the contents of the Chest Cavity?

A

Heart and Lungs

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44
Q

What are the contents of the abdominal cavity?

A

The abdominal Organs

45
Q

What are the contents of the pelvic cavity?

A

Pelvic organs

46
Q

What are the structures of the soma

A 
Skin
Fascia
Skeletal Muscle 
Skeleton 
Internal Lining
47
Q

What are the abdominal Organs?

A 
(Everything except pelvic organs) 
The Liver
Terminal/Distal Oesophagus 
Stomach 
Gall Bladder 
Pancreas 
Intestines 
Kidneys 
Adrenal Glands
48
Q

What are the pelvic Organs?

A

Rectum
Anal Cavity
Anus

49
Q

What is the layer that divides and lines abdominal Cavity?

A

The Parietal Peritoneum

It creates the peritoneal cavity

50
Q

What is the space within the abdominal cavity that is posterior to the peritoneum?

A

The Retroperitoneum

51
Q

How many layers of skeletal muscle are on the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

There are 3 layers

52
Q

What is the outer layer of the abdominal wall called?

A

The anterolateral abdominal wall.

53
Q

What are the layers flesh can be divided into that coats the layers of muscle of the anterolateral wall?

A

Skin
Fascia
Deep fascia

54
Q

How do the abdominal organs fit into the abdominal cavity?

A

The developing organs (stomach, intestines, gi tract, liver and kidneys) push their way into the parietal peritoneum

The push into it Posteriorly

55
Q

What is the name of the parietal peritoneum that sticks to the surface of the organs?

A

Visceral Peritoneum

56
Q

What is the relationship between the parietal peritoneum and the pelvic cavity?

A

Form the roof of the pelvic cavity

57
Q

Describe what an intraperitoneal Organ is?

A

It is almost completely covered with visceral Peritoneum

58
Q

Describe the mobility of an intraperitoneal organ?

A

It is minimally mobile

E.g. Liver

59
Q

What is a retroperitoneal Organ?

A

An organ located in the retroperitoneum

e.g. Kidney/Pancreas

60
Q

Describe an organ with a mesentery

A

They are organs covered in Visceral peritoneum

They are suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery

61
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

An organ’s double layer of visceral peritoneum

62
Q

Describe the mobility of a mesentery organ?

A

High mobility

63
Q

What layers constitute the walls of the intestines?

A

Inner Smooth Muscle
Outer Longitudinal Muscle
Mesenntery
Visceral Peritoneum

64
Q

How are vessels passing between the intestines and the retroperitoneum contained?

A

In mesenteries

65
Q

What happens to the parietal peritoneum when organs are adult sized?

A

The Parietal Peritoneum is still adherent to the internal aspects of the abdominal walls

66
Q

What happens to the visceral peritoneum after the organs are full sized?

A

The visceral peritoneum is now highly folded and convoluted.
It forms Mesenteries

67
Q

What happens to the peritoneal cavity when the organs reach adult size?

A

It is still inside the balloon

It contains lubricating peritoneal fluid - secreted by peritoneum

68
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Blood, pus, bowel contents within the peritoneal cavity causes inflammation of the peritoneum

69
Q

How can the organs of the abdominal cavity be divided?

A

Organs of the foregut
Organs of the Midgut
Organs of the Hindgut

70
Q

What are the organs of the foregut?

A 
Oesophagus
To the mid of Duodenum 
Liver
Gall Bladder
Spleen 
Half of Pancreas
71
Q

What are the organs of the midgut?

A

Mid-duodenum to 2/3’rds of the Transverse Colon

Half of Pancreas

72
Q

What are the Organs of the hindgut?

A

Distal one third of the Transverse Colon

Proximal half of the anal canal

73
Q

What blood vessels are in the retroperitoneum?

A

The Inferior Vena Cava ascends from the Retroperitoneum

74
Q

What body wall does the inferior vena cava pass through?

A

The Diaphragm

75
Q

What blood vessel pass through the diaphragm?

A

The Inferior Vena Cava ascends through it

The Aorta descends through it

76
Q

What are the branches of the abdominal Aorta?

A

The Coeliac Trunk
The Superior Mesenteric Artery
The Inferior Mesenteric Artery

77
Q

What does the Coeliac trunk of the abdominal aorta supply?

A

The foregut organs

78
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

The Midgut Organs

79
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

The Hindgut Organs

80
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein drain from?

A

Drains Blood from:

Foregut
Midgut
Hingut

To the liver

81
Q

What is drainage of the hepatic portal vein for?

A

First Pass Metabolism

82
Q

What does the splenic vein drain from?

A

Drains from the Foregut to the Hepatic Portal Vein

83
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric vein drain from?

A

Drains from the Hindgut to the splenic vein

84
Q

What does the superior mesenteric vein drain from?

A

Drains from the Midgut to the Hepatic Portal Vein

85
Q

What are the two parts of the Venous System?

A

The Portal Venous System

The Systemic Venous System

86
Q

What does the Portal Venous System drain blood from?

A

It drains from the absorptive parts of the GI Tract to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

87
Q

What does the systemic venous system drain from?

A

Drains from deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium

This included blood from the liver via the hepatic veins

88
Q

How does the Foregut drain lymph?

A

Drain their lymph via nodes on the Splenic Artery towards to the coeliac nodes (Located on the coeliac trunk)

89
Q

How does the Midgut structure drain lymph?

A

Drain lymph nodes located along the superior Mesenteric artery towards the the superior mesenteric nodes

90
Q

How does the Hindgut structures drain lymph?

A

Drain via nodes on the Inferior Mesenteric Artery to the Inferior Mesenteric Nodes

91
Q

What are the 9 abdominal regions

A

Posterior to Distal:

Right Hypochondrium – Epigastric – Left Hypochondrium

Right Lumbar Region – Umbilical — Left Lumbar Region

Right Inguinal Region – Pubic Area – Left Inguinal Region

92
Q

What are the four quadrants of the Abdomen?

A

The Right Upper Quadrant
The Right Lower Quadrant

The Left Upper Quadrant
The Left Lower Quadrant

93
Q

What Quadrant/Region is the Liver in?

A

The Liver is mainly in the upper Right Quadrant

94
Q

What quadrant is the Small Intestine in?

A

Loops of S.I In all 4 quadrants

95
Q

What quadrant/region is the Left Kidney in?

A

In the Left Flank / Left Lumbar Region

96
Q

What Quadrant/Region is the Right Kidney in?

A

In the Right Lumbar Region

97
Q

What quadrant/region is the Caecum and Appendix in?

A

In the Lower Right Quadrant

It is in the right Iliac Fossa

98
Q

What protect is there for the organs in the upper quadrants?

A

The Lower Ribs

99
Q

How are the iliac fossae protected?

A

Protected by the Hip Bones

100
Q

What offers the sagittal midline plane protection ?

A

The Vertebral Column and Sacrum

101
Q

How is the rectum and anal canal protected?

A

Protected by the Pelvis

102
Q

How do the muscle act to protect the organs of the abdomen?

A

The Contract to “guard” them

103
Q

How is the flow of contents through the GI tract controlled?

A

Sphincters

104
Q

What is the sphincter between the Laryngopharynx and the oesophagus?

A

The Criopharyngeal Sphincter

105
Q

What is the sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum?

A

The Phyloric Sphincter

106
Q

What is the sphincter between the anus and the external environment?

A

The External anal Sphincter

107
Q

What is an anatomical sphincter?

A

Discrete areas were muscle completely encircles the lumen of the tract

108
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter composed of?

A

Smooth Muscle

109
Q

What is the external anal sphincter composed of?

A

Skeletal Muscle

110
Q

What is the pain experienced when there is a blockage in the GI track?

A

Colicky Pain.

Anatomy - Principles (11 decks)

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