Anatomy FINAL Flashcards
How many bones are found in the human skeleton?
206
Why do babies have more bones than adults?
Babies are born with 270 soft bones, many of which fuse together in the late teens
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Supports body (bones of lower limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column support body’s weight)
Gives shape to structures sicha s head, face, and limbs
Protects organs like the heart and lungs
Allows movement (serves as points of attachment for muscles)
Produces blood cells (red, white, platelets)
Stores inorganic salts (mineral) like calcium and phosphorous which our bodies need for proper maintenance
What two body systems interact to provide movement?
Skeletal system and muscular system
Muscles are connected to bones by _____
Tendons
Bones are connected to bones by _____
Ligaments
Where two bones meet one another is used called a joint or ______
Articulation
How do muscle produce movement of a joint?
The muscle must be attached to two different bones involved in the joint. When the muscle contract, they pull the bone together and a bend occurs at the joint; when the muscles relax, the bones straighten out and the joint is no longer bent
Give an example of the bones and muscles working together to cause bending at a joint, then straightening at the joint
A contraction of the biceps coupled with a relaxation of the triceps produces a bend at the elbow. A contraction of the triceps coupled with a relaxation of the biceps produces a straight arm
Where are blood cells produced?
In the red marrow of certain bones
What are the two primary mineral salts stored in bone?
Calcium and phosphorus
What results in the release of these two minerals from the bone when blood levels of them drop?
Hormones from the endocrine system
What is osteoporosis?
Disease of the bone in which the bone mineral density is reduced, bone structure is disrupted , and proteins in bone are altered
How does the axial skeleton differ from the appendicular skeleton?
Axial skeleton: Consists of the bones forming the axis of the body: head, neck, and trunk. Appendicular skeleton:consists of the appendages and the bones (girdles) which anchor them yo the axial skeleton
Name and locate the major bones of the axial skeleton
Skull (8 cranial and 14 facial bones)
Middle Ear Bones (Malleus, incus, stapes)
Hyoid bone (supports tongue, attaches muscles that move tongue)
Vertebral column bones (surround spinal cavity)
Thoracic cage bones (surround thoracic cavity and include the ribs and sternum)
Name and locate the major bones of the appendicular skeleton
Upper extremities (whole arm)
Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula)
Lower extremities (whole leg)
Pelvic girdle (Coxal or hip bones made up of ilium, ischium, and pubis)
List the five types of bone and give an example of each
Long bones (femur)
Short bones (tarsal)
Flat bones (Parietal bone of the head)
Irregular bones (Vertebrae)
Sesamoid or round bones (patella)
What are some characteristics of long bones? Where are they found?
Are longer than they are wide; have expanded ends called epiphysis (singular is epiphysis); shaft is called the diaphysis
Found in the upper and lower extremities
Describe the epiphysis
Expanded ends of long bone
Articulate with other bones
Covered with hyaline cartilage
Have spongy bone inside so aren’t as strong as the diaphysis or shaft
The epiphysis closest to the trunk is proximal epiphysis while the epiphysis farthest from the trunk is the distal epiphysis
What are some characteristics of short bones?Where are they found?
Are short and cube shaped so lengths and widths are roughly equal
Include bones found in the wrists and ankles
What are some characteristics of flat bones?Where are they found?
Have broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles
Include ribs, cranium, pectoral girdle
What are some characteristics of irregular bones? Where are they found?
All bones not falling into previous categories
Include vertebrae and some skull bones
What are some characteristics of sesamoid or round bones?
Small and nodular; embedded within tendons adjacent to joints
Include patella (knee cap)
What is a joint?
A joint is a functional junction between bones
What is arthrology?
Arthrology is the study of joints
What are three major types of joints (classified by the type of tissue binding the joint)?
Fibrous (fibrous connective tissue)
Cartilaginous (fibrocartilage connective tissue)
Synovial (Synovial membrane, an epithelial tissue)
Describe the characteristics of fibrous joints and give an example of this type of joint
Fibrous joints are immovable. They have a tiny bit of fibrous connective tissue between the bones they join. Examples of fibrous joints are the sutures of cranial bones
Describe the characteristics of cartilaginous joints and give an example of this type of joint
Cartilaginous joints have tough fibrocartilage connective tissue between the bones they join. They are able to move slightly. Examples of cartilaginous joints include the (1) intervertebral discs and the (2) pubic symphysis
Describe the characteristics of synovial joints and give an example of this type of joint
Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body and have synovial membranes (an epithelial tissue) lining the joint and secreting synovial fluid. Synovial joints allow free movement. Examples of synovial joints are the (1) humerus articulating with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, and (2) the femur articulating with the acetabulum of the hipbone or coxa
What two characteristics are used to classify synovial joints?
Shape and Movement
What are the four major types of synovial joints?
Hinge Joint
Ball and Socket Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Describe the characteristics and functions of hinge joints and give an example of this type of joint
Hinge joint
Characteristics: the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone; can move in only one plane
Functions:Increases or decreases the angle formed by the joint
Examples: Elbow and Knee
Describe the characteristics and functions of ball and socket joints and give an example of this type of joint
Ball and Socket Joint
Characteristics: head of one bone fits into depression of another bone; provides the most movement of any joint
Functions:Provides movement in all planes and provides rotational movement around a central axis
Examples:Hip (femur in acetabulum of coxal); shoulder (humerus in glenoid cavity of scapula)
Describe the characteristics and functions of pivot joints and give and example of this type of joint
Pivot Joints
Characteristics: one bone pivots on or around another bone
Functions: provides rotation around a central axis
Examples: Head of radius rotating around ulna; atlas rotating (pivoting) around the dens of the axis
Describe the characteristics and functions of saddle joints and give an example of this type of joint
Saddle Joints
Characteristics: both bones have concave and convex surfaces (saddle-shaped); concave surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another bone
Functions:Provides movement in two planes
Examples:First metacarpal articulate with the trapezium (a carpal bone)
What are the five types of joint movement? (If given an example , be able to tell which of the types of joint movement is involved.)
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Circumduction
Give the function and an example of flexion
Flexion functions to decrease an angle. An example is the biceps contracting and decreasing the angle of the elbow (hinge joint)
Give the function and an example of extension
Extension functions to increase an angle. An example is the triceps contracting and increasing the able of the elbow (hinge joint)
Give the function and an example of adduction
Adduction functions to bring a limb toward the midline of the body. An example is the medial adductor muscle in the thigh contracting which functions to bring the thigh toward the midline of the body
To what does the term arthritics refer?
Inflammation of the joints
What are some general functions of muscles
Move the skeleton (because muscle are attached to bones via tendons)
Control openings (like the eyes, mouth, and anus which have sphincter muscles surrounding them)
Stabilize joints (To maintain our posture)
Provide facial expressions (like happy, sad, etc.)
Give off heat (when you move around, work, exercise, etc.)
Offer protection (abdominal organs protected by rectus abdominis, etc.)
In what five ways can muscles be named?
Shape
Number of heads
Length
Location
Where attached
Give an example of a muscle named in each of the five different ways.
Shape
Deltoid (looks like upside down triangle)
Trapezius (Looks like trapezoid)
Number of heads
Biceps (has 2 heads)
Triceps (has 3 heads)
Length
Short muscles - referred to as “brevis” (abbreviated)
Long muscles - referred to as “longus” (long)
Location
Brachii - located in the arm
Femoris - located in the thigh
Intercostals - located between the ribs
Temporalis - located over the temporal bone of the skull
Where attached
Sternocleidomastoid - is attached to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone (this lets you know it’s in the neck)
What are six specific types of movement muscles produce?
Some muscles are flexors
Flexors decrease the angle at a joint
Example: When the biceps brachii muscles contracts, the angle at the elbow decreases
Some muscles are extensors
Extensors increase the angle at a joint
Example:When the triceps brachii muscle contracts, the angle at the elbow increases
Some muscles are adductors
Adductors move a limb toward the midline of the body
Some muscles are abductors
Abductors move a limb away from the midline of the body
Some muscles are supinators
Supinators move the hand palm up (remember by “soup in palm”)
Some muscles are pronators
Pronators move the hand palm down
What can you tell me about this muscle simply by looking at its name: extensor carpi radialis longus? Where would it be located?
Extensor - increases the angle of a joint
Carpi - Attaches at carpal bones (wrist bones)
Radialis - is in the forearm (associated with the radius bone)
Longus - Is a long muscle
This is a long muscle found in the forearm which acts to extend the wrist
Muscles work in pairs. What is the name for each and what is its function?
Prime Mover
Main muscle contracting and carrying out the function
Antagonist
Must relax for the prime mover to function
Example: The biceps flex (are prime movers) only if the triceps relax (antagonist)
What is the name for each type of muscle attachment and what are the characteristics of each?
Origin
Immovable end
Is at the proximal portion of the limb or is closer to the midline of the trunk
Insertion
Moveable end
Is at the distal portion of the limb or is farther from the midline of the trunk
How many muscles are there in the human body?
639
Can other animal’s jaws exert more pounds of pressure per square inch than a human jaw?
A Rottweiler can exert about 330 pounds of pressure per square inch
A snapping turtle can exert even more pressure than a Rottweiler
