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Anatomy > Anatomy FINAL > Flashcards

Anatomy FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are found in the human skeleton?

A

206

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2
Q

Why do babies have more bones than adults?

A

Babies are born with 270 soft bones, many of which fuse together in the late teens

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3
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Supports body (bones of lower limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column support body’s weight)

Gives shape to structures sicha s head, face, and limbs

Protects organs like the heart and lungs

Allows movement (serves as points of attachment for muscles)

Produces blood cells (red, white, platelets)

Stores inorganic salts (mineral) like calcium and phosphorous which our bodies need for proper maintenance

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4
Q

What two body systems interact to provide movement?

A

Skeletal system and muscular system

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5
Q

Muscles are connected to bones by _____

A

Tendons

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6
Q

Bones are connected to bones by _____

A

Ligaments

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7
Q

Where two bones meet one another is used called a joint or ______

A

Articulation

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8
Q

How do muscle produce movement of a joint?

A

The muscle must be attached to two different bones involved in the joint. When the muscle contract, they pull the bone together and a bend occurs at the joint; when the muscles relax, the bones straighten out and the joint is no longer bent

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9
Q

Give an example of the bones and muscles working together to cause bending at a joint, then straightening at the joint

A

A contraction of the biceps coupled with a relaxation of the triceps produces a bend at the elbow. A contraction of the triceps coupled with a relaxation of the biceps produces a straight arm

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10
Q

Where are blood cells produced?

A

In the red marrow of certain bones

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11
Q

What are the two primary mineral salts stored in bone?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

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12
Q

What results in the release of these two minerals from the bone when blood levels of them drop?

A

Hormones from the endocrine system

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13
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Disease of the bone in which the bone mineral density is reduced, bone structure is disrupted , and proteins in bone are altered

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14
Q

How does the axial skeleton differ from the appendicular skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton: Consists of the bones forming the axis of the body: head, neck, and trunk. Appendicular skeleton:consists of the appendages and the bones (girdles) which anchor them yo the axial skeleton

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15
Q

Name and locate the major bones of the axial skeleton

A

Skull (8 cranial and 14 facial bones)

Middle Ear Bones (Malleus, incus, stapes)

Hyoid bone (supports tongue, attaches muscles that move tongue)

Vertebral column bones (surround spinal cavity)

Thoracic cage bones (surround thoracic cavity and include the ribs and sternum)

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16
Q

Name and locate the major bones of the appendicular skeleton

A

Upper extremities (whole arm)

Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula)

Lower extremities (whole leg)

Pelvic girdle (Coxal or hip bones made up of ilium, ischium, and pubis)

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17
Q

List the five types of bone and give an example of each

A

Long bones (femur)

Short bones (tarsal)

Flat bones (Parietal bone of the head)

Irregular bones (Vertebrae)

Sesamoid or round bones (patella)

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of long bones? Where are they found?

A

Are longer than they are wide; have expanded ends called epiphysis (singular is epiphysis); shaft is called the diaphysis

Found in the upper and lower extremities

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19
Q

Describe the epiphysis

A

Expanded ends of long bone

Articulate with other bones

Covered with hyaline cartilage

Have spongy bone inside so aren’t as strong as the diaphysis or shaft

The epiphysis closest to the trunk is proximal epiphysis while the epiphysis farthest from the trunk is the distal epiphysis

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of short bones?Where are they found?

A

Are short and cube shaped so lengths and widths are roughly equal

Include bones found in the wrists and ankles

21
Q

What are some characteristics of flat bones?Where are they found?

A

Have broad surfaces for protection of organs and attachment of muscles

Include ribs, cranium, pectoral girdle

22
Q

What are some characteristics of irregular bones? Where are they found?

A

All bones not falling into previous categories

Include vertebrae and some skull bones

23
Q

What are some characteristics of sesamoid or round bones?

A

Small and nodular; embedded within tendons adjacent to joints

Include patella (knee cap)

24
Q

What is a joint?

A

A joint is a functional junction between bones

25
Q

What is arthrology?

A

Arthrology is the study of joints

26
Q

What are three major types of joints (classified by the type of tissue binding the joint)?

A

Fibrous (fibrous connective tissue)

Cartilaginous (fibrocartilage connective tissue)

Synovial (Synovial membrane, an epithelial tissue)

27
Q

Describe the characteristics of fibrous joints and give an example of this type of joint

A

Fibrous joints are immovable. They have a tiny bit of fibrous connective tissue between the bones they join. Examples of fibrous joints are the sutures of cranial bones

28
Q

Describe the characteristics of cartilaginous joints and give an example of this type of joint

A

Cartilaginous joints have tough fibrocartilage connective tissue between the bones they join. They are able to move slightly. Examples of cartilaginous joints include the (1) intervertebral discs and the (2) pubic symphysis

29
Q

Describe the characteristics of synovial joints and give an example of this type of joint

A

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body and have synovial membranes (an epithelial tissue) lining the joint and secreting synovial fluid. Synovial joints allow free movement. Examples of synovial joints are the (1) humerus articulating with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, and (2) the femur articulating with the acetabulum of the hipbone or coxa

30
Q

What two characteristics are used to classify synovial joints?

A

Shape and Movement

31
Q

What are the four major types of synovial joints?

A

Hinge Joint

Ball and Socket Joint

Pivot Joint

Saddle Joint

32
Q

Describe the characteristics and functions of hinge joints and give an example of this type of joint

A

Hinge joint

Characteristics: the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone; can move in only one plane

Functions:Increases or decreases the angle formed by the joint

Examples: Elbow and Knee

33
Q

Describe the characteristics and functions of ball and socket joints and give an example of this type of joint

A

Ball and Socket Joint

Characteristics: head of one bone fits into depression of another bone; provides the most movement of any joint

Functions:Provides movement in all planes and provides rotational movement around a central axis

Examples:Hip (femur in acetabulum of coxal); shoulder (humerus in glenoid cavity of scapula)

34
Q

Describe the characteristics and functions of pivot joints and give and example of this type of joint

A

Pivot Joints

Characteristics: one bone pivots on or around another bone

Functions: provides rotation around a central axis

Examples: Head of radius rotating around ulna; atlas rotating (pivoting) around the dens of the axis

35
Q

Describe the characteristics and functions of saddle joints and give an example of this type of joint

A

Saddle Joints

Characteristics: both bones have concave and convex surfaces (saddle-shaped); concave surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another bone

Functions:Provides movement in two planes

Examples:First metacarpal articulate with the trapezium (a carpal bone)

36
Q

What are the five types of joint movement? (If given an example , be able to tell which of the types of joint movement is involved.)

A

Flexion

Extension

Adduction

Abduction

Circumduction

37
Q

Give the function and an example of flexion

A

Flexion functions to decrease an angle. An example is the biceps contracting and decreasing the angle of the elbow (hinge joint)

38
Q

Give the function and an example of extension

A

Extension functions to increase an angle. An example is the triceps contracting and increasing the able of the elbow (hinge joint)

39
Q

Give the function and an example of adduction

A

Adduction functions to bring a limb toward the midline of the body. An example is the medial adductor muscle in the thigh contracting which functions to bring the thigh toward the midline of the body

40
Q

To what does the term arthritics refer?

A

Inflammation of the joints

41
Q

What are some general functions of muscles

A

Move the skeleton (because muscle are attached to bones via tendons)

Control openings (like the eyes, mouth, and anus which have sphincter muscles surrounding them)

Stabilize joints (To maintain our posture)

Provide facial expressions (like happy, sad, etc.)

Give off heat (when you move around, work, exercise, etc.)

Offer protection (abdominal organs protected by rectus abdominis, etc.)

42
Q

In what five ways can muscles be named?

A

Shape

Number of heads

Length

Location

Where attached

43
Q

Give an example of a muscle named in each of the five different ways.

A

Shape

Deltoid (looks like upside down triangle)

Trapezius (Looks like trapezoid)

Number of heads

Biceps (has 2 heads)

Triceps (has 3 heads)

Length

Short muscles - referred to as “brevis” (abbreviated)

Long muscles - referred to as “longus” (long)

Location

Brachii - located in the arm

Femoris - located in the thigh

Intercostals - located between the ribs

Temporalis - located over the temporal bone of the skull

Where attached

Sternocleidomastoid - is attached to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone (this lets you know it’s in the neck)

44
Q

What are six specific types of movement muscles produce?

A

Some muscles are flexors

Flexors decrease the angle at a joint

Example: When the biceps brachii muscles contracts, the angle at the elbow decreases

Some muscles are extensors

Extensors increase the angle at a joint

Example:When the triceps brachii muscle contracts, the angle at the elbow increases

Some muscles are adductors

Adductors move a limb toward the midline of the body

Some muscles are abductors

Abductors move a limb away from the midline of the body

Some muscles are supinators

Supinators move the hand palm up (remember by “soup in palm”)

Some muscles are pronators

Pronators move the hand palm down

45
Q

What can you tell me about this muscle simply by looking at its name: extensor carpi radialis longus? Where would it be located?

A

Extensor - increases the angle of a joint

Carpi - Attaches at carpal bones (wrist bones)

Radialis - is in the forearm (associated with the radius bone)

Longus - Is a long muscle

This is a long muscle found in the forearm which acts to extend the wrist

46
Q

Muscles work in pairs. What is the name for each and what is its function?

A

Prime Mover

Main muscle contracting and carrying out the function

Antagonist

Must relax for the prime mover to function

Example: The biceps flex (are prime movers) only if the triceps relax (antagonist)

47
Q

What is the name for each type of muscle attachment and what are the characteristics of each?

A

Origin

Immovable end

Is at the proximal portion of the limb or is closer to the midline of the trunk

Insertion

Moveable end

Is at the distal portion of the limb or is farther from the midline of the trunk

48
Q

How many muscles are there in the human body?

A

639

49
Q

Can other animal’s jaws exert more pounds of pressure per square inch than a human jaw?

A

A Rottweiler can exert about 330 pounds of pressure per square inch

A snapping turtle can exert even more pressure than a Rottweiler

Anatomy (20 decks)

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