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Head And Neck Year 2 > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Superior neck boundary

A

Mandible

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2
Q

Inferior neck boundary

A

Clavicle

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3
Q

Anterior neck boundary

A

Anterior midline

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4
Q

Posterior neck boundary

A

Trapezius

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5
Q

Anterior neck triangle boundary

A

Anterior=midline of neck

Posterior=anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

Nerves in anterior neck triangle

A

Vagus 10
Glossopharyngeal 9
Accessory 11
Laryngeal

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7
Q

Vessels in anterior neck triangle

A 
CCA
ECA
ICA
IJV
Facial vein
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8
Q

Nodes in anterior neck neck triangle

A

Submandibular

Submental

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9
Q

At which level does the CCA bifurcate?

A

C4

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10
Q

8 branches of ECA in neck

A 
Superior thyroid 
Ascending pharyngeal 
Lingual 
Occipital 
Facial 
Posterior auricular 
Maxillary 
Superficial temporal
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11
Q

Indications for a central venous line?

A

Central venous pressure
Drug admin
Cardiac pacing
Blood sampling

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12
Q

Tx for central lines

A

Fluid resuscitations
Haemodialysis
IV nutrition

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13
Q

Complications of a central line

A 
Pneumothorax 
Haematoma 
Cardiac tamponade
Air embolism 
Chylothorax
False passage 
Thrombosis 
Sepsis 
Line blockage
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14
Q

Where does the lymph in the neck drain to?

A

Cisterna chyli

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15
Q

Where does the parotid gland drain to?

A

Scalp

Face parotid gland

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16
Q

Where do the occipital glands drain to?

A

Scalp

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17
Q

Where do the superficial cervical nodes drain?

A

Breast and solid viscera

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18
Q

What’s a thyroglossal cyst?

A

Dilation of thyroglossal duct reminant

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19
Q

What must happen before a thryoglossal cyst is removed?

A

An US to make sure there’s functioning thyroid tissue else where

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20
Q

what is a thyroid mass?

A

A solitary nodule

Multi-nodular goitre

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21
Q

Cyst vs adenoma

A

Cyst=localised to due haemorrhage

Adenoma=Benigno follicular tissue

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22
Q

RFs for solitary thyroid nodule

A

F>M
30-40 years
10% malignancy in middle age
50% malignancy in young

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23
Q

Ix for a solitary thyroid nodule

A

us
Fine needle aspiration cytology
Thyroid lobectomy

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24
Q

What can fine needle aspiration cytology not distinguish between?

A

Between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma

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25
Q

The 4 types of thyroid cancer

A

Papillary lymphatic metastases
Follicular haematogenous metastases
Medullary
Anaplastic

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26
Q

From which cells does medullary thyroid cancer arise from?

A

Parafollicular C cells

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27
Q

What can lead to colloid goitre?

A 
Gland hyperplasia 
Iodine deficiency 
Puberty
Pregnancy 
Lactation
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28
Q

What is grave’s disease?

A

Auto-antibodies against thyroid stimulating hormone receptor

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29
Q

S+S of grave’s disease

A

Thyroid eye disease
-inflammation in the muscles, fatty tissue, eyelids and tear ducts

Acropachy
-soft tissue swelling of the hands/clubbing

Pre-tibial myxoedema
-lumpy lower legs/shins

30
Q

Tx for grave’s disease

A

Anti-thyroids
Beta-blockers
Radio-iodine
Surgery

31
Q

Complications of a thyroidectomy

A 
Bleeding 
Voice hoarseness 
Thyroid storm
-underactive or untreated hyperthyroidism 
Scar
32
Q

S+S of multi-nodular goitre

A

No eye signs

Atrial fibrillation

33
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

34
Q

What do the parathyroid glands do?

A

Regulate calcium and phosphate levels

35
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Posterior to the poles of the thyroid

36
Q

S+S of parathyroid disease

A 
Painful stones 
Aching bones
Abdominal groans
Renal failure
Pancreatitis 
Weight loss
Anxiety and depression
37
Q

Ix for parathyroid disease

A 
U+E
Creatine 
-kindness functions 
Ca
Phosphate 
-thyroid
-parathyroid 
Vit D
US
CT/MRI
Isotope scanning
-shows cancer cells
38
Q

4 fascia layers of the neck

A

Pre-tracheal
Pre-vertebral
Deep cervical
Carotid sheath

39
Q

What’s a tracheostomy?

A

Incision into trachea to help breathing

40
Q

Indications for tracheostomy

A

Airway obstruction
Airway protection
Poor ventilation to reduce dead space

41
Q

Ongoing Tx for tracheostomy

A

Need suctioning
Need humidification
Need long term care

42
Q

What’s stridor

A

Clinical sign of airway obstruction

43
Q

What anatomical part causes an inspiratory stridor?

A

Laryngeal

44
Q

What anatomical part causes an expiration stridor?

A

Tracheo-bronchial

45
Q

What anatomical part causes a bi-phasic stridor?

A

Glottic/sub glottic

46
Q

What’s a branchial cyst

A

Remnant of fusion failure of branchial arches or lymph node cystic degeneration

47
Q

Can light pass through a branchial cyst

A

Yes

It transilluminates

48
Q

Where is a branchial cyst located?

A

Anterior to SCM, at the junction of the upper and middle thirds

49
Q

What’s a pharyngeal pouch?

A

Herniation of pharyngeal mucosa between thyropharyngeus and circopharyngeus of the inferior constrictor of the pharynx

50
Q

S+S of a pharyngeal pouch?

A 
Voice hoarseness
Regurg
Dysphagia 
Aspiration pneumonia 
Weight loss 
Neoplasia
51
Q

Ix for pharyngeal pouch

A

Barium swallow

52
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

Space between lips and teeth

53
Q

Boundaries of the oral cavity

A

Lips to palatoglossal arch

54
Q

The 4 muscles of mastication

A

Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Temporalis
Masseter

55
Q

3 phases of swallowing

A

Oral phase
Pharyngeal
Oesophageal

56
Q

How is the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue made?

A

1st branchial arch

57
Q

Sensation supply to anterior 2/3rds of tongue

A

Lingual nerve

Branch of V3

58
Q

Taste sensation of anterior 2/3rds of tongue

A

Chorda tympani of the facial

59
Q

How is the posterior 1/3rds of the tongue developed?

A

3rd branchial arch

60
Q

What supplies the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

IX

61
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Change the shape of the tongue

62
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Alter the position

63
Q

What set of muscles are on the top of the tongue?

A

Extrinsic

64
Q

Epithelium in the oropharyx?

A

Stratified, non-keratinised

65
Q

Nerve supply to the oropharynx

A

Pharyngeal plexus

IX-X

66
Q

Nerve supply to the hypopharynx

A

IX-X

67
Q

What’re the three paired cartilages in the trachea

A

Corniculate
Cuneiforme
Arytenoid

68
Q

Nerve supply to the larynx

A

X

69
Q

What’s the motor nerve supply to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

70
Q

Which intrinsic muscle isn’t supplied (motor) by the recurrent laryngeal and what is it supplied by?

A

Cricothyroid

External laryngeal

71
Q

Sensory innervation to the supraglottic area

A

Internal laryngeal

72
Q

Sensory innervation to the glottic and subglottic area?

A

Recurrent laryngeal

Head And Neck Year 2 (10 decks)

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