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Cardiovascular SOH > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Location of heart

A

Middle mediastinum

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2
Q

Mediastinum

A

Area that lies between the lungs
Divided into superior and inferior
- inferior is further divided into anterior (between sternum and fibrous pericardium), middle (pericardium), posterior (azygous vein, sympathetic chains, thoracic duct, CNX)

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3
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

Outer layer of sac which is tough, thick and protective.

Prevents overfilling

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4
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Deep layer of sac, membranous, secretes serous fluid

  • visceral: covers the heart
  • parietal: lines fibrous pericardium
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5
Q

Direction of blood flow through the heart

A 
IVC
RA
RV
Pulmonary artery (2)
Lungs
Pulmonary veins (4)
LA
LV
Aorta
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6
Q

Heart valves

A

Tricuspid - between RA&RV (3 cusps: ant, post, septal)
Mitral - between LA&LV (2 cusps: (ant, post)
Pulmonary - between RV&pulmonary artery (2 cusp: ant R&L, semilunar design)
Aortic - between LV&aorta (3 cusp: right, left, post, semilunar design)

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7
Q

Azygous vein

A

Takes blood from the intercostal veins to the SVC.
Posterior to oesophagus
Joins the SVC

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8
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Between the oesophagus and azygous vein.

Drains lymph to left venous angle

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9
Q

Lymphatic drainage

A

Lymph from lungs
Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
tracheo-bronchial lymph nodes
thoracic duct (left lung) right lymphatic duct (right lung)

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10
Q

Vagus nerves

A

Form a plexus of nerves on the oesophagus within the posterior mediastinum.

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11
Q

Right vagus nerve (recurrent laryngeal branch)

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch occurs at level of subclavian artery. the recurrent laryngeal nerve does not enter the chest

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12
Q

Left vagus nerve (recurrent laryngeal branch)

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch occurs at level of the ligament arteriosum (remnants of ductus arteriosus), hooks under the aortic arch. the recurrent laryngeal nerve enters the chest

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13
Q

First branch of aorta

A

Coronary arteries (arise from the ascending aorta)

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14
Q

Branches from arch of the aorta

A

Bracheocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

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15
Q

Position of nerves in the superior mediastinum

A

Most medial: recurrent laryngeal nerves
Middle: vagus nerves
Most lateral: Phrenic nerves

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16
Q

Right venous angle

A

Between right subclavian vein and right IJV

17
Q

JVP

A

Observed in the IJV

Should be no more than 3cm superior to the sternal angle

18
Q

Phrenic nerves

sensory, motor supply

A

Combined anterior rami of C3, C4, C5.
Somatic motor: diaphragm
Somatic sensory: mediastinal parietal pleura, fibrous pericardium, diaphragmatic parietal pleura, diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum

19
Q

Vagus nerves

sensory, motor supply

A

Somatic sensory: palate, laryngopharynx, larynx

Somatic motor: pharynx, larynx

20
Q

Infrasternal angle

A

For pericardiocentesis

21
Q

Transverse pericardial sinus

A

posterosuperiorly within the pericardial cavity
Used to locate and isolate the great vessels in order to commence CABG
Finger tip emerges from sinus anterior to the SVC

22
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from most of the cardiac veins and drains it into the RA
Located at the base of the heart

23
Q

Coronary arteries (right)

A

Location: right AV groove
R marginal artery
Posterior interventricular artery

24
Q

Coronary arteries (left)

A

Location: left AV groove
LAD bifurcates to give diagonal branch
Circumflex artery
L marginal artery

25
Q

Septum

A

Wall which divides the heart into a right and left side

26
Q

Septal defect

A

Allows mixing of arterial and venous blood

27
Q

Right atrium openings

A

SVC, IVC, Coronary sinus

28
Q

Autonomic innervation

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

29
Q

Sympathetic nerve fibres

A

Pre-synaptic fibre is short (between CNS&ganglion) = ACh
Synapse - at ganglion (which is adjacent to SC)
Post-synaptic fibre is long (between ganglion&organ) = noradrenaline

30
Q

Pre-synaptic sympathetic nerve fibres

A

Travel inferiorly from brain within SC tracts
Exit SC in one of T1-L2/3 spinal nerves (thoracolumbar)
- go into ganglion at that level and synapse
- travel superiorly in sympathetic chain to another ganglion
- travel inferiorly in sympathetic chain to another ganglion

31
Q

Post-synaptic sympathetic nerve fibres

A

Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves (visceral nerves) transmit the post-synaptic sympathetic fibres to the organs

32
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibres

A

Pre-synaptic fibre is long (between CNS&ganglion) = ACh
Synapse - at ganglion (which is close to effector organ)
Post-synaptic fibre is short (between ganglion&organ) = Ach

33
Q

Pain pathway (somatic)

A

Stimulation of sensory receptor in skin
Afferent AP reaches the brain
Pain pathway crosses over to the opposite side at SC level

34
Q

Somatic pain

A

Sharp, stabbing, localised

Body wall pain

35
Q

Visceral pain

A

Dull, aching, nauseating, poorly localised

organ pain

36
Q

Pain signals from organs reaching brain (visceral)

A

Visceral afferent AP passes bilaterally to thymus and hypothalamus then diffuse areas of the cortex

Cardiovascular SOH (42 decks)

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