Anatomy

Question 1

Iliohypogastric Nerve

Answer 1

Supplies the lower abdomen and suprapubic area.
Damaged in abdominal surgery
i.e Appendectomy

Question 2

Scaphoid Bone fracture

Answer 2

Fall on outstretched hand
tenderness in anatomic snuff box
increase risk of avascular Necrosis

Question 3

Median Nerve Injury at carpal tunnel

Answer 3

Lunate disslocation
weakness of thenar muscles, weakness in thumb Abduction, Flexion, Opposition.

Question 4

what ligament is ligated in oophorectomy?

Answer 4

Suspensory Ligament to prevent excess bleeding.

Question 5

Landmark used for LP?

Answer 5

Iliac Crest
Needle b/w L3/L4 or L4/L5
L4 vertebral body lies in between line drawn from highest points of iliac crest

Question 6

Hippocampus

Answer 6

Located in Mesial Temporal lobe
Center for learning and memory processing
Degeneration presents in elderly with memory loss, difficulty finding words, challenge with short term recall and names, new facts cannot be learned or recalled.
Hippocampal atropy is key finding in dementia, Alzhimers type.

Question 7

Mammillary bodies

Answer 7

Assosiated with Werenicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency in Alcoholics,
Traid of:
Altered mental status (disorientation, confusion)
Opthalmoplegia (Nystagmus)
Ataxia (gait abnormality)

Question 8

Subtantia Niagra

Answer 8

Located in anterior mid brain
Primary area for dopamine synthesis
Dopminergic neurons from substantia niagra project to basal ganglia as part of nigrostial pathway and modulate motor functions.
Lesion in this area causes parkinsons

Question 9

Pre-Central Gyrus

Answer 9

Primary Motor Cortex
All Voluntary Movement
Corticospinal comes to pre-central gyrus

Question 10

Post-central gyrus

Answer 10

All somatosensory
Pain, temp, pressure, vibration, touch
Spinothalamic tract and dorsal coloumn comes to it

Question 11

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Answer 11

Innervated primarily by C5–C6
–Supraspinatus– Suprascapular Nerve
Adducts arm initially ( before deltoid )
Most common rotator cuff injury.

–Infrasoinatus– Suprascapular Nerve
Externally rotates arm, Pitching injury.

–Teres Minor– Axillary Nerve
Adducts and externally rotates arm.

–Subscapularis– Upper & Lower Subscapular Nrv
Internally rotates and adducts arm

Question 12

Prevention of excess bleeding postpartum

Answer 12

Ligation of bilateral internal iliac arteries
Internal ilacs supply the uterus

Question 13

Ventromedial Nucleus of Hypothalamus

Answer 13

Satiety center

Question 14

Dandy walker malformation

Answer 14

Hypoplasia/ Absence of cerebral vermis
Cystic dilation of 4th ventricle
Posterior fossa enlargement
Present in infancy w developmental delay & progressive skull enlargement
Other features may include cerebellar dysfunction and non-communicating hydrocephalus.

Question 15

Pituitary Gland

Answer 15

Sits in Sella Trucica

• Ant. Pituitary: Derived from Rathke’s pouch (surface ectoderm).
• Post. Pituitary: Derived from Neurohypophysis (Neuroectoderm).

Question 16

Parathyroid & Thymus Embryology

Answer 16

Thymus and two inferior Parathyroids are derived from 3rd pharengeal pouch.

Two superior Parathyroids are derived from 4th pharengeal pouch.

Question 17

Nervous system embryo

Answer 17

– Microglia are derived from Mesoderm.
– Rest of the nervous system is derived from neuroectoderm.

Question 18

Hypothalamus functions

Answer 18

“ T A N H A T S “
T = Thirst & water balance (supra optic nucleus).
A = Adenohypophysis (ant.pituitary) control via releasing factor.
N = Neurohypophysis (post.pituitary) releases harmone synthesized by hypothalamic nuclei.
H = Hunger (lateral nucleus), Satiety (ventromedial nucleus).
A = Autonomic regulation, circadian rhythms (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
T = Temperature regulation.
S = Sexual urges & emotions (septal nucleus).

Question 19

Anterior communicating artery aneurysm

Answer 19

Bitemporal hemianopia
Contralateral lower extremity hemiparesis & sensory loss

Question 20

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm

Answer 20

Ipsilateral CN-III palsy
Mydriasis , Ptosis , Down & out eye.
Contralateral homonymus hemianopia with macular sparing.

Question 21

Middle Cerebral artery aneurysm

Answer 21

Contralateral upper extremity and facial hemiparesis and sensory deficit.

Question 22

Cranial Nerves

Answer 22

Question 23

Coronary arteries

Answer 23

Question 24

Cardiac Ascultation

Answer 24

Question 25

ECG

Answer 25

• P-wave = SA node conduction
  (atrial depolarization)
• PR-segment = AV node through bundle of His
• QRS-complex = condution through bundle branches (ventricular depolarization)
• T-wave = conduction through purkunje fibers (ventricular repolarization)
• QT-interval = ventricular depolarization — ventrucular repolarization.
• U-wave = Seen in Hypokalemia or low HR.

Question 26

Brain Embryology

Answer 26

Question 27

Neural Crest Cells derivatives

Answer 27

• Pseudounipolar cells of spinal cord & cranial ganglia.
• Autonomic ganglia
• Schwann cells
• Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
• Odontoblasts
• Melanocytes
• Meninges (pia & arachnoid)
• Endocardial cushions
• Aorticopulmonary septums
• Pharyngeal arch cartilage and bone

Question 28

Adrenal medulla

Answer 28

The adrenal medulla is composed of chromaffin cells and produces (epinephrine) and (norepinephrine).

Question 29

Order of cerebrospinal fluid flow through the ventricular system?

Answer 29

Choroid plexus → lateral ventricles → foramina of Monro → 3rd ventricle → cerebral aqeuduct of Sylvius → 4th ventricle → foramina of luschka and magendie → arachnoid granulations