Anatomy Flashcards
Iliohypogastric Nerve
Supplies the lower abdomen and suprapubic area.
Damaged in abdominal surgery
i.e Appendectomy
Scaphoid Bone fracture
Fall on outstretched hand
tenderness in anatomic snuff box
increase risk of avascular Necrosis
Median Nerve Injury at carpal tunnel
Lunate disslocation
weakness of thenar muscles, weakness in thumb Abduction, Flexion, Opposition.
what ligament is ligated in oophorectomy?
Suspensory Ligament to prevent excess bleeding.
Landmark used for LP?
Iliac Crest
Needle b/w L3/L4 or L4/L5
L4 vertebral body lies in between line drawn from highest points of iliac crest
Hippocampus
Located in Mesial Temporal lobe
Center for learning and memory processing
Degeneration presents in elderly with memory loss, difficulty finding words, challenge with short term recall and names, new facts cannot be learned or recalled.
Hippocampal atropy is key finding in dementia, Alzhimers type.
Mammillary bodies
Assosiated with Werenicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency in Alcoholics,
Traid of:
Altered mental status (disorientation, confusion)
Opthalmoplegia (Nystagmus)
Ataxia (gait abnormality)
Subtantia Niagra
Located in anterior mid brain
Primary area for dopamine synthesis
Dopminergic neurons from substantia niagra project to basal ganglia as part of nigrostial pathway and modulate motor functions.
Lesion in this area causes parkinsons
Pre-Central Gyrus
Primary Motor Cortex
All Voluntary Movement
Corticospinal comes to pre-central gyrus
Post-central gyrus
All somatosensory
Pain, temp, pressure, vibration, touch
Spinothalamic tract and dorsal coloumn comes to it
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Innervated primarily by C5–C6
–Supraspinatus– Suprascapular Nerve
Adducts arm initially ( before deltoid )
Most common rotator cuff injury.
–Infrasoinatus– Suprascapular Nerve
Externally rotates arm, Pitching injury.
–Teres Minor– Axillary Nerve
Adducts and externally rotates arm.
–Subscapularis– Upper & Lower Subscapular Nrv
Internally rotates and adducts arm
Prevention of excess bleeding postpartum
Ligation of bilateral internal iliac arteries
Internal ilacs supply the uterus
Ventromedial Nucleus of Hypothalamus
Satiety center
Dandy walker malformation
Hypoplasia/ Absence of cerebral vermis
Cystic dilation of 4th ventricle
Posterior fossa enlargement
Present in infancy w developmental delay & progressive skull enlargement
Other features may include cerebellar dysfunction and non-communicating hydrocephalus.
Pituitary Gland
Sits in Sella Trucica
- Ant. Pituitary: Derived from Rathke’s pouch (surface ectoderm).
- Post. Pituitary: Derived from Neurohypophysis (Neuroectoderm).
Parathyroid & Thymus Embryology
Thymus and two inferior Parathyroids are derived from 3rd pharengeal pouch.
Two superior Parathyroids are derived from 4th pharengeal pouch.
Nervous system embryo
– Microglia are derived from Mesoderm.
– Rest of the nervous system is derived from neuroectoderm.
Hypothalamus functions
“ T A N H A T S “
T = Thirst & water balance (supra optic nucleus).
A = Adenohypophysis (ant.pituitary) control via releasing factor.
N = Neurohypophysis (post.pituitary) releases harmone synthesized by hypothalamic nuclei.
H = Hunger (lateral nucleus), Satiety (ventromedial nucleus).
A = Autonomic regulation, circadian rhythms (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
T = Temperature regulation.
S = Sexual urges & emotions (septal nucleus).
Anterior communicating artery aneurysm
Bitemporal hemianopia
Contralateral lower extremity hemiparesis & sensory loss
Posterior communicating artery aneurysm
Ipsilateral CN-III palsy
Mydriasis , Ptosis , Down & out eye.
Contralateral homonymus hemianopia with macular sparing.
Middle Cerebral artery aneurysm
Contralateral upper extremity and facial hemiparesis and sensory deficit.
Cranial Nerves
Coronary arteries
Cardiac Ascultation
ECG
- P-wave = SA node conduction
(atrial depolarization) - PR-segment = AV node through bundle of His
- QRS-complex = condution through bundle branches (ventricular depolarization)
- T-wave = conduction through purkunje fibers (ventricular repolarization)
- QT-interval = ventricular depolarization — ventrucular repolarization.
- U-wave = Seen in Hypokalemia or low HR.
Brain Embryology
Neural Crest Cells derivatives
- Pseudounipolar cells of spinal cord & cranial ganglia.
- Autonomic ganglia
- Schwann cells
- Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
- Odontoblasts
- Melanocytes
- Meninges (pia & arachnoid)
- Endocardial cushions
- Aorticopulmonary septums
- Pharyngeal arch cartilage and bone
Adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla is composed of chromaffin cells and produces (epinephrine) and (norepinephrine).
Order of cerebrospinal fluid flow through the ventricular system?
Choroid plexus → lateral ventricles → foramina of Monro → 3rd ventricle → cerebral aqeuduct of Sylvius → 4th ventricle → foramina of luschka and magendie → arachnoid granulations
Superior gluteal nerve injury,
- The superior gluteal nerve innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus
minimus, and tensor fasciae latae muscles. - These muscles function to stabilize the pelvis and abduct the thigh.
- Weakness of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles will
cause the pelvis to sag toward the unaffected (contralateral) side
when the patient stands on the affected leg (positive Trendelenburg
sign). - When walking, the patient will lean toward the affected (ipsilateral)
side to compensate for the hip drop (gluteusmedius lurch).
Vestibular schwannoma,
Located at cerebellopontine angle (ie, between the cerebellum and lateral pons)
The facial nerve (CN VII) and trigeminal nerve (CN V) are in proximity to CN VIII at the cerebellopontine angle and may be compressed by vestibular schwannomas.
- Impairment of the cochlear portion of CN VIII leads to ipsilateral
sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing in the ear), and
damage to the vestibular portion causes unsteadiness and
disequilibrium. - Compression of CN V may cause loss of ipsilateral facial sensation
with interruption of the afferent limb of the corneal reflex. - CN VII compression can result in ipsilateral facial muscle paralysis
(eg, asymmetric smile).
Which nerve is primarily responsible for the following motions of the foot?
- Dorsiflexion: Deep fibular
- Plantarflexion: Tibial
- Inversion: Tibial
- Eversion: Superficial fibular
Injury to the long thoracic nerve results in?
winged scapula due to paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle.
Risk factors for osteosarcoma:
- Heritable retinoblastoma (RB1 mutation)
- Radiation
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome
- Paget disease of the bone
Injury to the thoracodorsal nerve results in
Paralysis of the (latissumus dorsi), leading to loss of (extension), (adduction), and (internal) rotation of the humerus.
Inferior gluteal nerve
The inferior gluteal nerve innervates the gluteus maximus muscle.
List the nerve most at risk for injury with the following humerus fractures:
- Proximal (surgical neck): axillary nerve
- Mid-shaft: radial nerve
- Distal (supracondylar): radial nerve if proximal fragment anterolaterally dispalced; median nerve if proximal fragment anteromedially displaced
4 nerves that are at risk for injury during axillary lymph node dissection.
- Long thoracic
- Thoracodorsal
- Medial pectoral
- Intercostobrachial
Patient has weakness in knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion. There is a decreased ankle reflex. This is due to injury to what nerve?
Proximal sciatic nerve
Nerve is most commonly injured by anterior shoulder dislocation?
Axillary Nerve
Patient who fell has volar dislocation of the lunate. This increases risk for what acute complication?
Median nerve compression (acute carpal tunnel syndrome).
Injury of the C5 and C6 nerve roots?
Injury of the C5 and C6 nerve roots causes Erb-Duchenne palsy, resulting in “waiter’s tip” posture.
Femoral nerve injury
Femoral nerve injury will result in a decreased patellar reflex.
Name the nerve(s) that course together with the following arteries in the upper extremity.
- Upper arm: brachial artery and median nerve and ulnar nerve
- Cubital fossa: brachial artery and median nerve
- Forearm: radial artery and superficial branch of radial nerve
- Forearm: ulnar artery and ulnar nerve
Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD)
a common cause of knee pain in adolescents due to overuse of the quadriceps muscle group
(i.e. rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis)
CSF Flow
Lateral ventricles → interventricular foramina of Monro → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius → fourth ventricle → lateral foramina of Luschka or midline foramen of Magendie → subarachnoid space.
