Anatomy Flashcards
Acidophilic Normoblasts
Formed from polychromatic normoblast.
Actin
Protein in muscle fiber; contraction and relaxation.
Actin Filaments
Stabilize cell adherence
Active Transport
ATP energy moves molecules across membrane
Facilitated Transport
Adenosine Triphosphate ATP
Nucleotide transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.
Converts O2 <span>to CO</span>2
Afferent
Leading towards organ
Adherens Junctions
Strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells.
Polychromatic Normoblast
Forms basophilic normoblast
Starts to make hemoglobin
No longer divider
Arrector Pili Muscle
Small, involuntary muscles in the base of hair follicle that cause goose flesh when appendage contracts, sometimes called goose bumps and papillae.
Apocrine Glands
Coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm and genital areas that secrete sweat.
Amino Acids
Organic Acids- form binding blocks of proteins
Ceramides
Glycolipid materials that are a natural part of skin’s intercellular matrix and barrier function.
Collagen
Fibrous, connective tissue made from protein; found in reticular layer of dermis; gives skin its firmness. Topically, a large, long chained molecular protein that lies on top of skin and binds water; derived from placentas of cows or other sources.
Stratum Granulosum
Granular layer.
Composed of cells filled with keratin that resemble granules.
Replaces cells shed from stratum corneum.
Corneocytes
Stratum corneum cell; hardened, water-proof protective keratinocytes; these “dead” protein cells are dried out and lack nuclei
Dermis
Also known as derma, corium, cutis, or true skin.
Support layer of connective tissue, collagen, and elastin below epidermis.
Eccrine Glands
Sweat glands found all over the body with openings on the skin’s surface through pores; not attached to hair follicles. Secretions do not produce an offensive odor.
Lysosome
Contains digestive and hydrolytic enzymes.
Digests foreign matter.
Elastin
Protein fiber found in the dermis; gives skin its elasticity and firmness.
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin; a thin, protective layer with many cells, mechanisms, and nerve endings. It is made up of 5 layers:
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Germinativum
Eumelanin
A type of melanin that is dark brown to black in color. People with dark colored skin mostly produce eumelanin. There are 2 types of melanin; the other is pheomelanin.
Barrier Function
Protective barrier of the epidermis; the corneum and intercellular matrix protect surface from irritation and dehydration.
Fibroblasts
Cells that stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins.
Follicles
Hair follicles and sebaceous follicles are tube-like openings in the epidermis.
Glycation
Caused by elevation in blood sugar.
Binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures, known as AGES.
Alters protein structures and decreases biological activity.
G 1
Interphase-active metabolism
Gap 1
Intermediate Filaments
Maintain cell shape, strengthen cells.
Islet of Langerhans Cells of Pancreas
Makes insulin
JNK
Pathway–intermediate siganal of DNA signaling cascade.
Keratin Sulfate
Proteoglycan found in dermis.
Keratin Proteins
Skin and Hair
Resists water and frictions.
Keratinohyaline Granules
Horny and Hyaline
Keratinocytoblasts
Stem cells with low rate of mitosis.
Produce transient amplifying cell.
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
White blood cells that have enzymes to digest and kill bacteria and parasites.
Respond to allergies.
Lipase
Enzyme accelerates hydrolysis or synthesis of fats
Lipid Bilayer
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic
Epidermal Growth Factor
Abbreviated EGF; stimulates cells to reproduce and heal.
Lymphocyte
WBC, produced by stem cells.
Digests foreign invaders.
Lymphokine
Causes physilogical changes in certain other cells.
Lymphotoxins
Causes cell lysis
MAPK
Pathway used as intermediate signal as part of DNA signaling cascade.
Macrophage
In vertabrates, performs crucial functions in immune response.
Lysozyme
Enzyme that dissolves and digests many biochemicals.
Melanogenesis
Process of making melanin pigment.
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Stimulates melanocytes to make melanin.
Melanocyte
Produces pigment granules/melanin in basil layer.
Meissner’s Corpuscles
Transmit touch, pressure, and cold.
Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF)
Initiates parts of mitosis.
Mast Cell
Releases pharmacologically active substances with role in inflammation.
Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer impregnated with protein that is differentially permeable.
Memory T Cells
Recognize and respond to pathogen once it has been invaded and repelled.
Merkel’s Discs
Discriminate touch, shape, and texture.
Mesenchymal Tissue
Embryonic connective tissue.
Mesoderm
Third germ layer.
Gives rise.
Microfilaments
Protein strands made of actin.
Cell movement and shape.
Microtubules
Separate chromosomes during cellular division.
Mitochondria
Conduct cellular respiration
Monocyte
Leukocyte travels in bloodstream and neutralizes pathogens.
Mother Cell
Stem Cell. Capable of Division.
Myclin
Fatty material forming medillary sheath of nerve fibers.
Mycloperoxidase
Enzyme used in killing action of neutrophils.
Myosin
Large protein of contractile tissue. Forms thick myofilaments of striated muscle.
Neural Crest
Early nerve tissue in embryo.
Orgin of melanocytes.
Layer of ectoderm germ layer.
Neural Tube
Layer of ectoderm germ layer.
Provides most of CNS.
Neurofilament
Intermediate filament found in nerve cells.
Neuroglia
Cells that provide support and nutrition to tissues
Neutrophilis
Most abundant polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phagocytic White blood cells.
Nuclear Membrane
Membrane surrounding nucleous of eukayotic cells.
Nucleolus
Contains RNA
P27 Protein
Binds to cyclin and CDK
Oxytalan
Elastin type fiber found in dermis.
Contains only microfibrils.
10-12 nm in diameter.
P53 Protein
Tumor supressor proteins
Mutation encodes it.
Pacinian Corpuscle
Sensory Receptor
Phagocyte
Any cell that engulfs and devours microorganisms or other particles.
Phospholipids
Compounds that contain fatty acid and phosphoric acid groups
Plakoglobin
1 of 2 proteins that make up plaques.
Pluripotential Stem Cell
Cell at start of blood cell line that is programmed to form all other cells in bloodstream.
Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Growth regulating cytokine
Initiates proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells.
Plasma Membrane
Cellular membrane
Plaques
In cell membrane
2 Proteins-desmoplakin and plakoglobin.
Polymorphonuclear Cells (PMNS)
Granulocytes
Pro-enzyme
Inactive form of chymotropic enzyme found in lamellar bodies of stratum granulosum.
Pronormoblasts
Part of blood cell line.
Form from division of hemocytoblast.
Protein-Tyrosine Kinase (PTK) Activity
Action of complex enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation of tyrosine residues.
Proteoglycans
Special class of glycoproteins found in extracellular substance.
Vary in size depending on glycosaminoglycan chains attached to them.
Proteolysis
Act of breaking desmosomal bonds of connecting proteins
Receptor
Special protein on a cell’s surface or within a cell that binds to specific ligands
Receptor Site
Protein on cell membrane within cytoplasm or on cell nucleus
Binds to specific molecule.
Reflex Arc
Critical to ANS
2 Parts- sensory and motor arms.
Respiratory Burst
Process that uses oxygen in killing action of neutrophils
Reticulocyte
Cell that is part of blood cell line.
Forms from acidophilic normoblast
8 um in diameter
Contains mitochondria
Ribosomes
Small dense organelles that assemble proteins in cells.
Selective Permeability
- Ability of plasma membrane to let some substances in and keep some out
- Permeable to small molecules, not permeable to larger molecules or ions.
Senescent Cell
- Cell arrested in G1
- Can’t advance or go backward, sometimes destroyed
- Major cause of aging
Sensory (Afferent) Nerves
- Carries impulses from sense organs to brain
- Touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure
Stratum Germinativum
Basil cell layer.
Active layer above papillary layer of dermis.
Cell mitosis occurs here.
Responsible for growth.
Stratum Spinosum
Spiny layer above stratum germinativum.
Contains desmosomes.
Intercellular connections made of proteins.
Subcutaneous Layer
Hypodermis
Fat tissue located beneath dermis
Protective cushion and energy storage.
Subcutis Tissue
Adipose Tissue.
Fatty tissue found below dermis.
Gives smoothness and contour to body.
Contains fat for energy.
Protective cushion.
Sudoriferous Glands
Sweat glands. Excrete perspiration, regulate body temp, detoxify through excretion.
Superoxide
Unstable, reactive single oxygen atom.
T-Cells
Identify molecules that have foreign peptides and regulate immune response.
Transit Time
Time it takes for cells to move through epidermal stages of growth.
Trigeminal Nerve
Main sensory nerve of face; 3 major branches.
Vacuoles
Membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells.
Secretory, excretory, and storage functions.
Epidermal Growth Factor
EGF; stimulates cell to reproduce and heal.
Stratum Lucidum
Clear, transparent layer.
Under Stratum Corneum
Palms & soles.
Gap Junctions
Allow free passage between cells of ions and small molecules.
Gastrula
Embryo during gastrulation
Gastulation
Cells migrate to interior of blastula and form germ layers.
Sebum
Oil provides protection to epidermis from external factors and lubricates skin and hair.
Sebaceous Glands
Oil Glands.
Protect surface of skin.
Appendages connected to follicles.
Rosacea
Chronic condition primarily on cheeks and nose of flushing, telangiectasis, papules, and pustules.
Reticular Layer
Deeper layer of dermis. Supplies skin with organs and nutrients. Contains fat cells, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, oil glands, and nerve endings.
Versican Sulfate
Proteoglycan found in dermis. Provides turgor and tautness by interacting with elastin and hyaluranic acid.
Zygote
Diploid cell produced by fusion of egg and sperm. Fertilized egg cell.
Pores
Tube-like opening to sweat glands on epidermis.
Pheomelanin
Red and yellow melanin. Light colored skin.
Papillary Layer
Top layer of dermis, next to epidermis.
Melanosomes
Pigment carrying granules that produce melanin–a complex protein.
Melanocytes
Cells that produce skin pigment granules in basil layer.
Melanin
Tiny grains of pigment produced by melanocytes and deposited into cells in stratum germinativum layer and in papillary layer.
Protein that determines in hair, eye, and skin color.
Defense mechanism to protect skin from sun.
Lymph Vessels
In dermis, supply nourishment, remove waste.
Langerhans Immune Cells
Guard cells of immune system.
Sense unrecognized foreign invaders and then process antigens for removal through lymph system.
Keratinocytes
Epidermal cells composed of keratin, lipids, and other proteins.
Keratin
Fibrous protein of cells, principal component of skin, hair, and nails.
Provides resillency and protection.
Intercellular Matrix
Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect cells from water loss and irritation.
Hydrolipidic
Hydrolipidic film is oil-water balance that protects skin’s surface.
Vimentin
Intermediate filament found in fibroblasts
Germ Layer
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Tissues and organs arise.
Glial Cells
Supportive cells closely associated with neurons.
Golgi Apparatus
Storage, packaging of secretion materials
Granulocytes
WBCs bearing granules
Tubulin
Protein that forms part of microtubules
Helper T cells
Manage and direct immune response
Hair Papillae
Cone shaped elevation at base of follicle that fit into hair bulb. Papillae are filled with tissue that contains blood vessels and cells necessary for hair growth and follicle nourishment.
Hemidesmosome
Binds basal layer to basement membrane.
Supressor T Cells
Inhibit production of cytotoxic cells when no longer needed.
Hemocytoblast
Forms WBC, RBC, and other cells in blood.
Heparan Sulfate
Mate up proteoglycans
Heparin
1/7 glycosaminoglycans; make up proteoglycans
Tight Junction
Region of actual fusion of cell membranes between 2 adjacent cells.
Homeostasis
Keep body in equilibrium
Humoral
Pertaining to endocrine secretion
Hypochlorous Acid
Chlorine bleach
Immune System
Carries waste and impuritites out, protects body.
Insulin-like Growth Factor
Initiates proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective tissues.
Integrin
Holds plaque to basal lamina
Interleukin-1
Stimulates T Helper lymphocytes
UVB Radiation
Burning Rays, 290-320nm, shorter wavelengths, stronger and more damaging.
Burning, tanning, skin aging, and cancer.
Stratum Corneum
Horny layer, outermost layer of epidermis, composed of corneocytes.
UVA Radiation
Aging Rays.
Longer wavelengths-penetrate deeper. (320-400nm)
Cause genetic damage and cell death.
95% of sun’s UV radiation.
Tyrosinase
Enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and produces melanin.
Transepidermal Water Loss
TEWL
Water loss caused by evaporation on skin’s surface.
Telangiectasia
Damaged capillaries, larger and distended blood vessels, couperose skin.
Hyaluronic Acid
Hydrating fluids found in skin; hydrophilic agent with water-binding properties.
Thymidine Dinucleotide Fragments
Produced by damaged DNA.
Trigger release of MSH.
Binds to melanocytes to produce melanin.
Abductors
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abductors separate the fingers.
Absorption
The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.
Adductors
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median area of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, adductors draw the fingers together.
Adipose Tissue
A specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.
Adrenal Glands
Glands that secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body including the fight or flight response.
Anabolism
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Anatomy
The study of the human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
Angular Artery
Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose.
Anterior Auricular Artery
Artery that supplies blood to the front part of the ear.
Aorta
The body’s largest artery. The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
Arteries
Thick walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body.
Arterioles
Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.
Artioventricular Valves
Abbreviated ATV; valves which are designed to prevent the blood from flowing back into the pumping chamber.
Atrium
Thin walled, upper chamber of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles. There is a right atrium and a left atrium.
Auricularis Anterior
Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward.
Auricularis Posterior
Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward.
Auricularis Superior
Muscles above the ear that draws the ear upward.
Auriculotemporal Nerve
Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.
Autonomic Nervous System
Abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart.
Axon
The extension of a neuron through which impulses are sent away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles.
Belly
Middle part of muscle
Biceps
Muscle producting the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.
Blood
Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.
Blood Vessels
Tube-like structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Body Systems
Also known as systems; groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.
Brachial Artery
Located in the upper arm, the brachial artery is a major blood vessel which runs down the arm and ends by dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries, which run down through the forearm.
Brain
Part of CNS contained in cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls, sensation, muscles, glandular activity, and the power to think and feel.
Brain Stem
Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain.
Buccal Nerve
Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth.
Buccinator
Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.
Capillaries
Tiny, thin walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.
Cardiac Muscle
The involuntary muscle that is the heart. This type of muscle is not found in any other part of the body.
Carpus
Also known as wrist; flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.
Catabolism
The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts, secretions, or digestion.
Cell Membrane
Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substanes to enter and leave the cell.
Cells
Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.
Central Nervous System
CNS; cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
Cerebellum
Lies at the base of the cerebrum and is attached to the brain stem; latin for “little brain’
Cerebrum
Makes up the bulk of the brain and is located in the front, upper part, of the cranium.
Cervical Cutaneous Nerve
Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.
Cervical Nerves
Nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck; affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.
Cervical Vertebrae
The 7 bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.
Circulatory System
Also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.
Clavicle
AKA collarbone. Bone joining the sternum and scapula.
Common Carotid Arteries
Arteries that supply blood to the face, head and neck.
