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Esthetics > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Acidophilic Normoblasts

A

Formed from polychromatic normoblast.

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3
Q

Actin

A

Protein in muscle fiber; contraction and relaxation.

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4
Q

Actin Filaments

A

Stabilize cell adherence

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5
Q

Active Transport

A

ATP energy moves molecules across membrane

Facilitated Transport

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6
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

A

Nucleotide transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.

Converts O2 <span>to CO</span>2

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7
Q

Afferent

A

Leading towards organ

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7
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

Strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells.

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8
Q

Polychromatic Normoblast

A

Forms basophilic normoblast

Starts to make hemoglobin

No longer divider

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9
Q

Arrector Pili Muscle

A

Small, involuntary muscles in the base of hair follicle that cause goose flesh when appendage contracts, sometimes called goose bumps and papillae.

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9
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

Coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm and genital areas that secrete sweat.

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9
Q

Amino Acids

A

Organic Acids- form binding blocks of proteins

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11
Q

Ceramides

A

Glycolipid materials that are a natural part of skin’s intercellular matrix and barrier function.

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13
Q

Collagen

A

Fibrous, connective tissue made from protein; found in reticular layer of dermis; gives skin its firmness. Topically, a large, long chained molecular protein that lies on top of skin and binds water; derived from placentas of cows or other sources.

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14
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Granular layer.

Composed of cells filled with keratin that resemble granules.

Replaces cells shed from stratum corneum.

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16
Q

Corneocytes

A

Stratum corneum cell; hardened, water-proof protective keratinocytes; these “dead” protein cells are dried out and lack nuclei

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17
Q

Dermis

A

Also known as derma, corium, cutis, or true skin.

Support layer of connective tissue, collagen, and elastin below epidermis.

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18
Q

Eccrine Glands

A

Sweat glands found all over the body with openings on the skin’s surface through pores; not attached to hair follicles. Secretions do not produce an offensive odor.

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18
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains digestive and hydrolytic enzymes.

Digests foreign matter.

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19
Q

Elastin

A

Protein fiber found in the dermis; gives skin its elasticity and firmness.

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21
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of skin; a thin, protective layer with many cells, mechanisms, and nerve endings. It is made up of 5 layers:

Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Germinativum

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22
Q

Eumelanin

A

A type of melanin that is dark brown to black in color. People with dark colored skin mostly produce eumelanin. There are 2 types of melanin; the other is pheomelanin.

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23
Q

Barrier Function

A

Protective barrier of the epidermis; the corneum and intercellular matrix protect surface from irritation and dehydration.

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24
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Cells that stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins.

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25
Q

Follicles

A

Hair follicles and sebaceous follicles are tube-like openings in the epidermis.

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26
Q

Glycation

A

Caused by elevation in blood sugar.

Binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures, known as AGES.

Alters protein structures and decreases biological activity.

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26
Q

G 1

A

Interphase-active metabolism

Gap 1

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27
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Maintain cell shape, strengthen cells.

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28
Q

Islet of Langerhans Cells of Pancreas

A

Makes insulin

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29
Q

JNK

A

Pathway–intermediate siganal of DNA signaling cascade.

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30
Q

Keratin Sulfate

A

Proteoglycan found in dermis.

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30
Q

Keratin Proteins

A

Skin and Hair

Resists water and frictions.

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32
Q

Keratinohyaline Granules

A

Horny and Hyaline

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32
Q

Keratinocytoblasts

A

Stem cells with low rate of mitosis.

Produce transient amplifying cell.

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33
Q

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

White blood cells that have enzymes to digest and kill bacteria and parasites.

Respond to allergies.

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34
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme accelerates hydrolysis or synthesis of fats

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35
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

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36
Q

Epidermal Growth Factor

A

Abbreviated EGF; stimulates cells to reproduce and heal.

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36
Q

Lymphocyte

A

WBC, produced by stem cells.

Digests foreign invaders.

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37
Q

Lymphokine

A

Causes physilogical changes in certain other cells.

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38
Q

Lymphotoxins

A

Causes cell lysis

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39
Q

MAPK

A

Pathway used as intermediate signal as part of DNA signaling cascade.

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39
Q

Macrophage

A

In vertabrates, performs crucial functions in immune response.

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39
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that dissolves and digests many biochemicals.

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40
Q

Melanogenesis

A

Process of making melanin pigment.

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40
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A

Stimulates melanocytes to make melanin.

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40
Q

Melanocyte

A

Produces pigment granules/melanin in basil layer.

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40
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

Transmit touch, pressure, and cold.

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40
Q

Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF)

A

Initiates parts of mitosis.

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40
Q

Mast Cell

A

Releases pharmacologically active substances with role in inflammation.

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41
Q

Membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer impregnated with protein that is differentially permeable.

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43
Q

Memory T Cells

A

Recognize and respond to pathogen once it has been invaded and repelled.

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45
Q

Merkel’s Discs

A

Discriminate touch, shape, and texture.

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47
Q

Mesenchymal Tissue

A

Embryonic connective tissue.

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49
Q

Mesoderm

A

Third germ layer.

Gives rise.

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51
Q

Microfilaments

A

Protein strands made of actin.

Cell movement and shape.

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53
Q

Microtubules

A

Separate chromosomes during cellular division.

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55
Q

Mitochondria

A

Conduct cellular respiration

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56
Q

Monocyte

A

Leukocyte travels in bloodstream and neutralizes pathogens.

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57
Q

Mother Cell

A

Stem Cell. Capable of Division.

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58
Q

Myclin

A

Fatty material forming medillary sheath of nerve fibers.

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60
Q

Mycloperoxidase

A

Enzyme used in killing action of neutrophils.

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61
Q

Myosin

A

Large protein of contractile tissue. Forms thick myofilaments of striated muscle.

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62
Q

Neural Crest

A

Early nerve tissue in embryo.

Orgin of melanocytes.

Layer of ectoderm germ layer.

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63
Q

Neural Tube

A

Layer of ectoderm germ layer.

Provides most of CNS.

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65
Q

Neurofilament

A

Intermediate filament found in nerve cells.

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66
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells that provide support and nutrition to tissues

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68
Q

Neutrophilis

A

Most abundant polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phagocytic White blood cells.

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69
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

Membrane surrounding nucleous of eukayotic cells.

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70
Q

Nucleolus

A

Contains RNA

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71
Q

P27 Protein

A

Binds to cyclin and CDK

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71
Q

Oxytalan

A

Elastin type fiber found in dermis.

Contains only microfibrils.

10-12 nm in diameter.

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72
Q

P53 Protein

A

Tumor supressor proteins

Mutation encodes it.

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73
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Sensory Receptor

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74
Q

Phagocyte

A

Any cell that engulfs and devours microorganisms or other particles.

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75
Q

Phospholipids

A

Compounds that contain fatty acid and phosphoric acid groups

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76
Q

Plakoglobin

A

1 of 2 proteins that make up plaques.

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77
Q

Pluripotential Stem Cell

A

Cell at start of blood cell line that is programmed to form all other cells in bloodstream.

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77
Q

Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF)

A

Growth regulating cytokine

Initiates proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells.

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77
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Cellular membrane

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77
Q

Plaques

A

In cell membrane

2 Proteins-desmoplakin and plakoglobin.

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78
Q

Polymorphonuclear Cells (PMNS)

A

Granulocytes

80
Q

Pro-enzyme

A

Inactive form of chymotropic enzyme found in lamellar bodies of stratum granulosum.

82
Q

Pronormoblasts

A

Part of blood cell line.

Form from division of hemocytoblast.

84
Q

Protein-Tyrosine Kinase (PTK) Activity

A

Action of complex enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation of tyrosine residues.

85
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Special class of glycoproteins found in extracellular substance.

Vary in size depending on glycosaminoglycan chains attached to them.

86
Q

Proteolysis

A

Act of breaking desmosomal bonds of connecting proteins

87
Q

Receptor

A

Special protein on a cell’s surface or within a cell that binds to specific ligands

88
Q

Receptor Site

A

Protein on cell membrane within cytoplasm or on cell nucleus

Binds to specific molecule.

89
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Critical to ANS

2 Parts- sensory and motor arms.

90
Q

Respiratory Burst

A

Process that uses oxygen in killing action of neutrophils

91
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Cell that is part of blood cell line.

Forms from acidophilic normoblast

8 um in diameter

Contains mitochondria

92
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small dense organelles that assemble proteins in cells.

93
Q

Selective Permeability

A
  • Ability of plasma membrane to let some substances in and keep some out
  • Permeable to small molecules, not permeable to larger molecules or ions.
94
Q

Senescent Cell

A
  • Cell arrested in G1
  • Can’t advance or go backward, sometimes destroyed
  • Major cause of aging
95
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Nerves

A
  • Carries impulses from sense organs to brain
  • Touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure
96
Q

Stratum Germinativum

A

Basil cell layer.

Active layer above papillary layer of dermis.

Cell mitosis occurs here.

Responsible for growth.

97
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Spiny layer above stratum germinativum.

Contains desmosomes.

Intercellular connections made of proteins.

98
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A

Hypodermis

Fat tissue located beneath dermis

Protective cushion and energy storage.

99
Q

Subcutis Tissue

A

Adipose Tissue.

Fatty tissue found below dermis.

Gives smoothness and contour to body.

Contains fat for energy.

Protective cushion.

100
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

Sweat glands. Excrete perspiration, regulate body temp, detoxify through excretion.

102
Q

Superoxide

A

Unstable, reactive single oxygen atom.

103
Q

T-Cells

A

Identify molecules that have foreign peptides and regulate immune response.

104
Q

Transit Time

A

Time it takes for cells to move through epidermal stages of growth.

105
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A

Main sensory nerve of face; 3 major branches.

106
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells.

Secretory, excretory, and storage functions.

107
Q

Epidermal Growth Factor

A

EGF; stimulates cell to reproduce and heal.

108
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Clear, transparent layer.

Under Stratum Corneum

Palms & soles.

109
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Allow free passage between cells of ions and small molecules.

110
Q

Gastrula

A

Embryo during gastrulation

111
Q

Gastulation

A

Cells migrate to interior of blastula and form germ layers.

112
Q

Sebum

A

Oil provides protection to epidermis from external factors and lubricates skin and hair.

113
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Oil Glands.

Protect surface of skin.

Appendages connected to follicles.

114
Q

Rosacea

A

Chronic condition primarily on cheeks and nose of flushing, telangiectasis, papules, and pustules.

115
Q

Reticular Layer

A

Deeper layer of dermis. Supplies skin with organs and nutrients. Contains fat cells, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, oil glands, and nerve endings.

116
Q

Versican Sulfate

A

Proteoglycan found in dermis. Provides turgor and tautness by interacting with elastin and hyaluranic acid.

117
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid cell produced by fusion of egg and sperm. Fertilized egg cell.

118
Q

Pores

A

Tube-like opening to sweat glands on epidermis.

119
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Red and yellow melanin. Light colored skin.

120
Q

Papillary Layer

A

Top layer of dermis, next to epidermis.

121
Q

Melanosomes

A

Pigment carrying granules that produce melanin–a complex protein.

122
Q

Melanocytes

A

Cells that produce skin pigment granules in basil layer.

123
Q

Melanin

A

Tiny grains of pigment produced by melanocytes and deposited into cells in stratum germinativum layer and in papillary layer.

Protein that determines in hair, eye, and skin color.

Defense mechanism to protect skin from sun.

124
Q

Lymph Vessels

A

In dermis, supply nourishment, remove waste.

125
Q

Langerhans Immune Cells

A

Guard cells of immune system.

Sense unrecognized foreign invaders and then process antigens for removal through lymph system.

126
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Epidermal cells composed of keratin, lipids, and other proteins.

127
Q

Keratin

A

Fibrous protein of cells, principal component of skin, hair, and nails.

Provides resillency and protection.

128
Q

Intercellular Matrix

A

Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect cells from water loss and irritation.

129
Q

Hydrolipidic

A

Hydrolipidic film is oil-water balance that protects skin’s surface.

130
Q

Vimentin

A

Intermediate filament found in fibroblasts

131
Q

Germ Layer

A

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Tissues and organs arise.

132
Q

Glial Cells

A

Supportive cells closely associated with neurons.

133
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Storage, packaging of secretion materials

134
Q

Granulocytes

A

WBCs bearing granules

135
Q

Tubulin

A

Protein that forms part of microtubules

136
Q

Helper T cells

A

Manage and direct immune response

137
Q

Hair Papillae

A

Cone shaped elevation at base of follicle that fit into hair bulb. Papillae are filled with tissue that contains blood vessels and cells necessary for hair growth and follicle nourishment.

138
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Binds basal layer to basement membrane.

139
Q

Supressor T Cells

A

Inhibit production of cytotoxic cells when no longer needed.

140
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

Forms WBC, RBC, and other cells in blood.

141
Q

Heparan Sulfate

A

Mate up proteoglycans

142
Q

Heparin

A

1/7 glycosaminoglycans; make up proteoglycans

143
Q

Tight Junction

A

Region of actual fusion of cell membranes between 2 adjacent cells.

144
Q

Homeostasis

A

Keep body in equilibrium

145
Q

Humoral

A

Pertaining to endocrine secretion

146
Q

Hypochlorous Acid

A

Chlorine bleach

147
Q

Immune System

A

Carries waste and impuritites out, protects body.

148
Q

Insulin-like Growth Factor

A

Initiates proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective tissues.

149
Q

Integrin

A

Holds plaque to basal lamina

150
Q

Interleukin-1

A

Stimulates T Helper lymphocytes

151
Q

UVB Radiation

A

Burning Rays, 290-320nm, shorter wavelengths, stronger and more damaging.

Burning, tanning, skin aging, and cancer.

152
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Horny layer, outermost layer of epidermis, composed of corneocytes.

153
Q

UVA Radiation

A

Aging Rays.

Longer wavelengths-penetrate deeper. (320-400nm)

Cause genetic damage and cell death.

95% of sun’s UV radiation.

154
Q

Tyrosinase

A

Enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and produces melanin.

155
Q

Transepidermal Water Loss

A

TEWL

Water loss caused by evaporation on skin’s surface.

156
Q

Telangiectasia

A

Damaged capillaries, larger and distended blood vessels, couperose skin.

157
Q

Hyaluronic Acid

A

Hydrating fluids found in skin; hydrophilic agent with water-binding properties.

158
Q

Thymidine Dinucleotide Fragments

A

Produced by damaged DNA.

Trigger release of MSH.

Binds to melanocytes to produce melanin.

159
Q

Abductors

A

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abductors separate the fingers.

160
Q

Absorption

A

The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.

161
Q

Adductors

A

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median area of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, adductors draw the fingers together.

162
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

A specialized connective tissue considered fat, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.

163
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Glands that secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body including the fight or flight response.

164
Q

Anabolism

A

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

165
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

166
Q

Angular Artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose.

167
Q

Anterior Auricular Artery

A

Artery that supplies blood to the front part of the ear.

168
Q

Aorta

A

The body’s largest artery. The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

169
Q

Arteries

A

Thick walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body.

170
Q

Arterioles

A

Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.

171
Q

Artioventricular Valves

A

Abbreviated ATV; valves which are designed to prevent the blood from flowing back into the pumping chamber.

172
Q

Atrium

A

Thin walled, upper chamber of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles. There is a right atrium and a left atrium.

173
Q

Auricularis Anterior

A

Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward.

174
Q

Auricularis Posterior

A

Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward.

175
Q

Auricularis Superior

A

Muscles above the ear that draws the ear upward.

176
Q

Auriculotemporal Nerve

A

Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.

177
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Abbreviated ANS; the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart.

178
Q

Axon

A

The extension of a neuron through which impulses are sent away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles.

179
Q

Belly

A

Middle part of muscle

180
Q

Biceps

A

Muscle producting the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.

181
Q

Blood

A

Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.

182
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Tube-like structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.

183
Q

Body Systems

A

Also known as systems; groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.

184
Q

Brachial Artery

A

Located in the upper arm, the brachial artery is a major blood vessel which runs down the arm and ends by dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries, which run down through the forearm.

185
Q

Brain

A

Part of CNS contained in cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls, sensation, muscles, glandular activity, and the power to think and feel.

186
Q

Brain Stem

A

Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain.

187
Q

Buccal Nerve

A

Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth.

188
Q

Buccinator

A

Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.

189
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny, thin walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.

190
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

The involuntary muscle that is the heart. This type of muscle is not found in any other part of the body.

191
Q

Carpus

A

Also known as wrist; flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.

192
Q

Catabolism

A

The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts, secretions, or digestion.

193
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substanes to enter and leave the cell.

194
Q

Cells

A

Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.

195
Q

Central Nervous System

A

CNS; cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.

196
Q

Cerebellum

A

Lies at the base of the cerebrum and is attached to the brain stem; latin for “little brain’

197
Q

Cerebrum

A

Makes up the bulk of the brain and is located in the front, upper part, of the cranium.

198
Q

Cervical Cutaneous Nerve

A

Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.

199
Q

Cervical Nerves

A

Nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck; affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.

200
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

The 7 bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.

201
Q

Circulatory System

A

Also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.

202
Q

Clavicle

A

AKA collarbone. Bone joining the sternum and scapula.

203
Q

Common Carotid Arteries

A

Arteries that supply blood to the face, head and neck.

204
Q
A

Esthetics (13 decks)

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