Anatomical areas

Question 1

<p>borders of the femoral triangle</p>

Answer 1

<p></p>

<p>medial: the medial border of<strong>adductor longus</strong></p>

<p>lateral:medial border of<strong>sartorius</strong></p>

<p>superior:<strong>inguinal ligament</strong></p>

Question 2

<p>contents of the femoral triangle</p>

Answer 2

<p>N<strong>femoral nerve</strong></p>

<p>A<strong>femoral artery</strong></p>

<p>V<strong>femoral vein</strong></p>

<p>E<strong>empty space</strong></p>

<p>L<strong>lymph nodes</strong></p>

Question 3

<p>femoral canal borders</p>

Answer 3

<p>medial: lacunar ligament</p>

<p>lateral: femoral vein</p>

<p>anterior: inguinal ligament</p>

<p>posterior: pectineus</p>

Question 4

<p>contents of the femoral canal</p>

Answer 4

<p>lymphatic vessels, deep lymph nodes, empty space, loose connective tissue</p>

<p></p>

<p>empty vein allows for distension of the femoral vein</p>

Question 5

<p>borders of the adductor canal</p>

Answer 5

<p>Anteromedial:Sartorius.</p>

<p>Lateral: Vastus medialis.</p>

<p>Posterior: Adductor longus and adductor magnus.</p>

Question 6

<p>content of the adductor canal</p>

Answer 6

<p>femoral artery</p>

<p>femoral vein</p>

<p>nerve to vastus medialis</p>

<p>saphenous nerve</p>

Question 7

<p>popliteal fossa</p>

Answer 7

<p>Superomedial border– <strong>semimembranosus.</strong></p>

<p>Superolateral border– <strong>biceps femoris.</strong></p>

<p>Inferomedial border– medial head of the <strong>gastrocnemius</strong>.</p>

<p>Inferolateral border– lateral head of the <strong>gastrocnemius</strong> and <strong>plantaris</strong>.</p>

Question 8

<p>popliteal fossa contents</p>

Answer 8

<p>(medial to lateral):</p>

<p>Popliteal artery</p>

<p>Popliteal vein</p>

<p>Tibial nerve</p>

<p>Common fibular nerve (common peroneal nerve)</p>

Question 9

<p>axilla borders</p>

Answer 9

<p>Apex– also known as the axillary inlet, it is formed by lateral border of the first rib, superior border ofscapula, and the posterior border of theclavicle.</p>

<p>Lateral wall– formed by intertubercular groove of thehumerus.</p>

<p>Medial wall– consists of the serratus anterior and the thoracic wall (ribs and intercostal muscles).</p>

<p>Anterior wall– contains the pectoralis major and the underlying pectoralis minor and the subclavius muscles.</p>

<p>Posterior wall– formed by the subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi.</p>

Question 10

<p>axilla contents</p>

Answer 10

<p>Axillary artery (and branches)– the main artery supplying the upper limb. It is commonly referred as having three parts; one medial to the pectoralis minor, one posterior to pectoralis minor, and one lateral to pectoralis minor. The medial and posterior parts travel in the axilla.</p>

<p>Axillary vein (and tributaries)–the main vein draining the upper limb, its two largest tributaries are the cephalic and basilic veins.</p>

<p>Brachial plexus (and branches)– a collection of spinal nerves that form the peripheral nerves of the upper limb.</p>

<p>Axillary lymph nodes– they filter lymphatic fluid that has drained from the upper limb and pectoral region. Axillary lymph node enlargement is a non-specific indicator of breast cancer.</p>

<p>Biceps brachii (short head) and coracobrachialis–these muscle tendons move through the axilla, where they attach to the coracoid process of the scapula.</p>

Question 11

<p>Borders of the cubital fossa</p>

Answer 11

<p></p>

<p>Thecubital fossais triangular in shape and consists of three borders, a roof, and a floor:</p>

<p>Lateral border–medial border of the <strong>brachioradialis muscle</strong>.</p>

<p>Medial border–lateral border of the<strong> pronator teres muscle.</strong></p>

<p>Superior border– horizontal line drawn between the <strong>epicondyles of the humerus.</strong></p>

<p>Roof– bicipital aponeurosis, fascia, subcutaneous fat and skin.</p>

<p>Floor– brachialis (proximally) and supinator (distally).</p>

Question 12

<p>contents of the cubital fossa</p>

Answer 12

<p>really need beer to be at my nicest</p>

<p>radial nerve</p>

<p>biceps tendon</p>

<p>brachial artery</p>

<p>median nerve</p>

Question 13

<p>carpal tunnel borders</p>

Answer 13

<p>The carpal tunnel is formed by two layers<strong>: adeep carpal arch</strong>and <strong>asuperficial flexor retinaculum.</strong> The deep carpal arch forms a concave surface, which is converted into a tunnel by the overlying flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament).</p>

Question 14

<p>Carpal Arch</p>

Answer 14

<p>Concave on the palmar side, forming the base and sides of the carpal tunnel.</p>

<p>Formed laterally by the scaphoid and trapezium tubercles</p>

<p>Formed medially by the hook of the hamate and the pisiform</p>

Question 15

<p>Flexor Retinaculum</p>

Answer 15

<p>Thick connective tissue which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel.</p>

<p>Turns the carpal arch into the carpal tunnel by bridging the space between the medial and lateral parts of the arch.</p>

<p>Spans between the hook of hamate and pisiform (medially) to the scaphoid and trapezium (laterally).</p>

Question 16

<p>hand bones</p>

Answer 16

<p>Some –Scaphoid.</p>

<p>Lovers –Lunate.</p>

<p>Try –Triquetrum.</p>

<p>Positions –Pisiform.</p>

<p>That –Trapezium.</p>

<p>They –Trapezoid.</p>

<p>Can't –Capitate.</p>

<p>Handle –Hamate.</p>

Question 17

<p>contents of the carpal tunnel</p>

Answer 17

<p>The carpal tunnel contains a total of9 tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and themediannerve.</p>

Question 18

<p>tendons of the carpal tunnel</p>

Answer 18

<p>The tendon offlexor pollicis longus</p>

<p>Four tendons offlexor digitorum profundus</p>

<p>Four tendons offlexor digitorum superficialis</p>

<p>The 8 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis are surrounded by a single synovial sheath.The tendon of flexor pollicis longus is surrounded by its own synovial sheath. These sheaths allow free movement of the tendons.</p>

Question 19

<p>Median Nerve</p>

Answer 19

<p>Once it passes through the carpal tunnel, the median nerve divides into 2 sensory branches:</p>

<ol> <li>Palmar cutaneous- thenar muscle group</li> <li>Digital cutaneous- palmar skina nd dorsal nail beds of the lateral three and a half digits</li></ol>

<p></p>

Question 20

<p>other nervous supply to the hand</p>

Answer 20

<p>ulnar</p>

<p>radius</p>

Question 21

<p>borders of the anatomical snuffbox</p>

Answer 21

<p>As the snuffbox is triangularly shaped, it has three borders, a floor, and a roof:</p>

<p>Ulnar (medial) border: Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus.</p>

<p>Radial (lateral) border: Tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus.</p>

<p>Proximal border: Styloid process of theradius.</p>

<p>Floor: Carpal bones; scaphoid and trapezium.</p>

<p>Roof: Skin.</p>

Question 22

<p>anatomical snuffbox content</p>

Answer 22

<p>cephalic vein, radial artery and superficial radial nerve branch</p>

Question 23

<p>inguinal ligament basic structure</p>

Answer 23

<p>direct hernia- through the superficial ring (medial to the inferior epigastric vessel) --> older patients= weakness in abdominal wall</p>

<p>indirect hernia- through the deep ring (lateral to the inferior epigastric vessel) --> younger patients- congenital (male>female)</p>

Question 24

<p>Mid-inguinal point–</p>

Answer 24

<p>halfway between the pubic symphysis and the anterior superior iliac spine. The femoral pulse can be palpated here.</p>

Question 25

<p>Midpoint of the inguinal ligament</p>

Answer 25

<p>– halfway between the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine (the two attachments of the inguinal ligament). The opening to the inguinal canal is located just above this point.</p>

Question 26

<p>borders of the inguinal ligament</p>

Answer 26

<p>Anterior wall– aponeurosis of the external oblique, reinforced by the internal oblique muscle laterally.</p>

<p>Posterior wall– transversalis fascia.</p>

<p>Roof– transversalis fascia, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.</p>

<p>Floor– inguinal ligament (a ‘rolled up’ portion of the external oblique aponeurosis), thickened medially by the lacunar ligament.</p>

Question 27

<p>Contents of the inguinal canal</p>

Answer 27

<p>The contents of the inguinal canal include:</p>

<p>Spermatic cord(biological males only) – contains neurovascular and reproductive structures that supply and drain the testes.See here for more information.</p>

<p>Round ligament(biological females only) – originates from the uterine horn and travels through the inguinal canal to attach at the labia majora.</p>

<p>Ilioinguinal nerve– contributes towards the sensory innervation of the genitalia</p>

<p>Note: only travels throughpartof the inguinal canal, exiting via the superficial inguinal ring (it does not pass through the deep inguinal ring)</p>

<p>This is the nerve most at risk of damage during an inguinal hernia repair.</p>

<p>Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve–supplies the cremaster muscle and anterior scrotal skin in males, and the skin of the mons pubis and labia majora in females.</p>

Question 28

<p>anterior</p>

Answer 28

<p>medial- imaginary midline</p>

<p>lateral- anterior border of SCM</p>

<p>superir- lower border of mandible</p>

Question 29

<p>posterior</p>

Answer 29

<p>inferior- 1/3 of clavicle</p>

<p>anterior- posterior border of SCM</p>

<p>posterior- anteiror border of trapezius</p>

Question 30

<p>carotid triangle</p>

Answer 30

<p>Superior– posterior belly of the digastric muscle.</p>

<p>Lateral– medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.</p>

<p>Inferior– superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.</p>