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KNES 373 > anaerobic metabolism > Flashcards

anaerobic metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what are other names for the glycolytic system

A

glycogenolysis
glycolysis
lactate production

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of carbs

A

only macro that can generate ATP both anaerobically and aerobically

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3
Q

where are carbs stored the most

A

muscle - readily available

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4
Q

where can carbs be found in the body

A

blood
muscle - most available for exercise
liver - transport to muscle via blood
ingested - from digestion to muscle via blood

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5
Q

how does glucose enter a muscle cell

A

glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)

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6
Q

what is GLUT4

A
  • transport protein to get glucose inside the cell (uses facilitated diffusion)
  • specific to muscle cells
  • in cell membrane
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7
Q

what is GLUT4 sensitive to

A

insulin
- insulin sends GLUT4 to the cell membrane from the vesicles inside the cell to get glucose inside the cell

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8
Q

when is pyruvate converted to lactate

A

high intensity exercise
- otherwise pyruvate enters the cell

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9
Q

how many pyruvate or lactate are produced from 1 glucose

A

2 pyruvate OR lactate per 1 glucose molecule
(everything after fructose in the chain is doubled)

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10
Q

what is the ATP consumption vs production from anaerobic metabolism using GLUCOSE

A

uses 2 ATP
creates 4 ATP
NET = 2 ATP

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11
Q

what is the ATP consumption vs production from anaerobic metabolism using GLYCOGEN

A

uses 1 ATP
creates 4 ATP
NET = 3 ATP

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12
Q

what is the function of hexokinase (HK)

A

converts glucose to glucose 6 phosphate (G6P)

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13
Q

how is G6P produced

A

ATP is hydrolysed to ADP + Pi + H+
Pi will be attached to glucose to produce G6P
- G6P can’t leave the cell
irreversible reaction

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14
Q

what are the 2 fates of G6P

A
  • undergoes glycolysis
  • stored as glycogen
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15
Q

how is G6P stored as glycogen

A
  1. phosphoglucomutase converts G6P to G1P
  2. glycogen synthase converts G1P to glycogen
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16
Q

what is the process to convert back to G6P from glycogen

A
  1. glycogen phosphorylase (PHOS) breaks down glycogen to G1P
  2. phosphoglucomutase converts G1P back to G6P (bi directional pathway)
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16
Q

what is the function of phosphofructokinase

A

rate limiting enzyme in the process of converting G6P to pyruvate

17
Q

what is PFK activated and inhibited by

A

activated
- ADP, AMP, Pi, G6P (substrate)

inhibited
- ATP, H+

18
Q

what is the difference between glycolysis and glycogenolysis

A

glycolysis = glucose breakdown
glycogenolysis = glycogen break down

19
Q

what is the yield from glycolysis

A

2 ATP
- requires 2, produces 4

2 NADH + H+

20
Q

how does NADH get back to NAD+

A

oxidised by lactate dehydrogenase
redox reaction of NADH and NAD+ happens consistently

21
Q

where does glycogenolysis occur

A

sarcoplasm - outside mito

22
Q

what catalyses glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase (PHOS)
- convert glycogen to G1P

23
Q

what is PHOS

A

rate limiting enzyme

24
Q

what is PHOS activated and inhibited by

A

activated (break down more glycogen)
- Ca2+, AMP, Pi, epi

inhibited (don’t need more glycogen)
- H+, ATP, G6P

25
Q

what is the yield from glycogenolysis

A

3 ATP
- requires 1, produces 4

26
Q

where does pyruvate go

A

always into the cell
- amount depends on how fast you need ATP

27
Q

what happens to pyruvate when ATP is needed fast

A

pyruvate builds up
cant be taken in by mito fast enough
- converted to lactate

28
Q

what happens to pyruvate when ATP is needed slower

A

pyruvate can go into the mito more smoothly
- less build up outside

29
Q

what are the two types of glycolysis

A

anaerobic and aerobic

30
Q

what is the use of oxygen, speed, ATP production and product of anaerobic glycolysis

A

oxygen = no
speed = fast
ATP production = low
product = LACTATE

31
Q

what is the use of oxygen, speed, ATP production and product of aerobic glycolysis

A

oxygen = yes
speed = slow
ATP production = high
product = PYRUVATE

32
Q

what is the function of lactate dehydrogenase

A

helps converts pyruvate to lactate
NADH + H+ –> NAD+
(can convert back to pyruvate)

33
Q

when is lactate formed

A

when pyruvate and NADH + H+ accumulate
(mismatch between glycolytic rate and capacity of mito to accept pyruvate)

34
Q

how / when is lactate removed

A
  • can be converted back to pyruvate during low intensity exercise
  • can go out of the cell to the bloodstream and travel to other organs (liver, heart, etc) as a source of fuel
35
Q

what is the relation between lactate production and exercise intensity

A

as exercise intensity increases, lactate generation increases

36
Q

does lactate cause fatigue

A

NO
- causes pain but not fatigue

37
Q

when does lactate cause pain

A

when ATP demand > aerobic metabolism ATP supply
- cellular pH drops
- impairs enzyme activity and cross bridge cycling

38
Q

which system contributes the most to ATP production in the first few seconds of exercise

A

PCr
- gradually reduces

39
Q

which system contributes the most to ATP production in between 5 and 30 seconds of exercise

A

glycolysis
- takes over from PCr and then gradully decreases

40
Q

when does oxidative phosphorylation increase

A

around 30 seconds
(all systems work together even at the highest intensity)

KNES 373 (28 decks)

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