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KNES 373 > aerobic metabolism (carb) > Flashcards

aerobic metabolism (carb) Flashcards

1
Q

where is the greatest concen of glycogen and glucose

A

muscle glycogen > liver glycogen > blood glucose
500g > 80g > 5g

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2
Q

why is the mito the powerhouse of the cell

A

produces ATP and has all the enzymes needed to do so

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3
Q

what can be stored in the muscle (4-10% mito)

A

carbs and fat
- can’t store protein

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4
Q

what parts occur in the mito

A

TCA
ETC
ATP synthase (inside ETC)

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5
Q

what happens to pyruvate in the mito

A

goes into the mito matrix (doesn’t need to convert during low intensity exercise)

pyruvate —PDH—> acetyl coa + CO2

  • loss of a carbon atom from pyruvate
  • electrons transferred to NAD+ to produce NADH (used in the cell to produce ATP)
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6
Q

what is the function of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) - rate limiting enzyme

A

reduces the level of lactate
controls the rate fo carb entry into the mito
irreversible - traps acetyl coa in the mito (can’t leave)

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7
Q

what activates and inhibits PDH

A

activated by Ca2+
inibited by acetyl coa, ATP, and NADH

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8
Q

where does the released carbon from pyruvate breakdown go

A

creates CO2

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9
Q

where does the NADH go

A

into the TCA cycle - no redox reaction yet

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10
Q

what is a coenzyme

A

a non protein substance that is requried for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction
- not all enzymes need coenzymes but coenzymes need enzymes to work (can’t catalyse by themselves)

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11
Q

what is the function of oxaloacetate

A

needs to be there for TCA cycle to work
- always there
- isn’t produced, converted, or destroyed
- reformed each cycle

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12
Q

what are the inputs and outputs of the TCA cycle

A

inputs = acetyl coa
outputs = ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2

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13
Q

what activates the TCA cycle

A

Ca2+, ADP, and NAD+
- shows that ATP has been hydrolysed and muscle knows that more has to be resynthesised

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14
Q

when are the ATP and NADH/FADH2 produced from TCA cycle used

A

ATP - used immediately
NADH/FADH2 - carry electrons from TCA cycle to ETC

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15
Q

which protein in the ETC doesn’t transport any electrons

A

protein 2

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16
Q

which protein does FADH not give electrons to

A

protein 1
(continues on pathway after the first protein)

17
Q

where are the protein complexes involved in ETC

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

18
Q

what happens when the gradient of protons (H+) increases inside the intermembrane space

A

H+ moves through ATP synthase back into the matrix

19
Q

what is the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

20
Q

how many protons does it take to produce 1 ATP from ATP synthase

A

4 protons

21
Q

where can ATP and water produced from the ETC be used

A

ATP - leaves the cell and can be used directly or to replicate PCr
water - can be used by the cell

22
Q

which enzymes remove electrons from hydrogens in NADH and FADH2

A

dehydrogenase enzymes

23
Q

what is the function of ATP synthase

A

catalyses formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
- driven by influx of H+ into matrix along its gradient

24
Q

how many ATP are made from one NADH

A

2.5 ATP
(10 H+ pumped through)

25
Q

how many ATP are made from one FADH2

A

1.5 ATP
(6 H+ pumped through)

26
Q

should we adopt a low carb diet

A

athletes - need carbs for high intensity exercise, can be fine for low intensity
gen pop - sure, don’t need lots of carbs for little exercise
context specific

27
Q

what is the fuel perspective on carbs

A
  • carbs make you obese
  • carbs enhance athletic perf
28
Q

what is the signalling perspective on carbs

A
  • carbs produce signalling cascade
  • gene expression for signalling pathways
  • mitochondrial biogenesis (caused when there are no carbs - increases volume and size of mito)
  • lose enyzmes that regulate carb utilisation during low carb
29
Q

what is the health perspective on carbs

A

needed regardless to a certain level
- support immune system

30
Q

what are the 3 Ts of carb periodisation

A

time, type, and total

31
Q

what is the best option for carb periodisation

A

sleeping low carb
training low carb
competing high carb

32
Q

what is the benefit of training low carb and competing high carb

A

able to do well at high intensity with increased carb storage
low carb after training is good for mito biogenesis

33
Q

what are the consequences of continued low carb diet

A

can impair high intensity exercise performance if it continues for multiple days

34
Q

what are the carb values in different carb diets

A

ketogenic <50d/day
low carb ~150-200g/day
moderate carb diet ~200-400g/day
high carb diet >400g/day

KNES 373 (28 decks)

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