amphetamines

Question 1

where are amphetamines derived from

Answer 1

chinese medicine herb ma huang (5000 years)

Question 2

who is credited with synthesizing AMPH and when

Answer 2

lazar edeleanu, 1885

Question 3

what are the effects of L-amphetamine

Answer 3

raises BP
opens nasal passages
causes headache

Question 4

what are the effects of D-amphetamine

Answer 4

same as L-amphetamine
also enhances mood and energy

Question 5

how does meth have increased potency and brain effects?

Answer 5

lipid solubility

Question 6

what are the 2 ways of synthesizing meth

Answer 6

pseudoephedrine (hydroiodic acid + red phosphorus) - nagai

from phenyl acetone (lamarck or reductive amination)

Question 7

how are AMPHs absorbed

Answer 7

smoking injection snorting ingesting

Question 8

what is the smokeable version of meth & what is its half life

Answer 8

ice, 12 hours

Question 9

how is ice absorbed & what is its bioavailability

Answer 9

GI tract 70-100

Question 10

what metabolizes meth and AMPH

Answer 10

cyp2d6 in liver

Question 11

what are the stimulants that AMPH is metabolized into

Answer 11

4HA and NE

Question 12

what does 4-HA act

Answer 12

inhibit MAO and activate TAAR and stimulate NE

Question 13

what is the enzyme that reduces rate and what is the demographic distribution of its effect

Answer 13

cyp2d6*10
10% caucasions, 75% east asians

Question 14

how is AMPH/METH distributed?

Answer 14

brain lungs liver kidney spleen

Question 15

what is the onset of AMPH/METH

Answer 15

30-120 min

Question 16

what is the half life of METH

Answer 16

12+ hr half- life 10-20 hours

Question 17

what is the half life of AMPH?

Answer 17

11 hr half life, 3-12 hr

Question 18

how is METH/AMPH excreted?

Answer 18

kidney sweat saliva

Question 19

what are the acute affects of AMPHs

Answer 19

euphoria, energy, aggression, grandiositty, decreased appetite

Question 20

what causes the sympathiomimetic effects of AMPH?

Answer 20

NE

Question 21

what causes the delusional parasitosis and perceptual disturbances of AMPHs?

Answer 21

5HT

Question 22

what causes the strange locomotor activity of AMPHs

Answer 22

increased DA

Question 23

which area of the brain controls selection of action of movement?

Answer 23

basal ganglia

Question 24

what is punding`

Answer 24

at high doses of AMPH, repetitive meaningless behaviors

Question 25

does AMPH require DA-ergic neuron firing

Answer 25

nah

Question 26

what brings meth into nerve terminals

Answer 26

DAT or diffusion

Question 27

what pumps meth into storage vesicles

Answer 27

VMAT

Question 28

what does AMPH increase the availability of

Answer 28

DA, NE, 5HT

Question 29

where does AMPH cause a DA surge

Answer 29

NAc, basal ganglia

Question 30

what are the 3 main mechanisms of AMPH

Answer 30

blocks reuptake & reverses transporter increase release into synapse inhibit MAO

Question 31

what reverses DAT

Answer 31

AMPH-TAAR complex and DA build-up

Question 32

how does AMPH mechanism differ from cocaine?

Answer 32

smaller structure allows transporter to complete transport intracellular GPCR TAAR

Question 33

how does TAAR work?

Answer 33

acttivates phosphorylation depdent signaling that targets DAT

Question 34

how can AMPH cause poisoning

Answer 34

contaminants

Question 35

how does tolerance form for AMPH

Answer 35

DA, 5HT and NE depletion via displacement of these NTs from terminals inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase reducing DAT function

Question 36

how long does tolerance last for AMPH

Answer 36

days or weeks

Question 37

what is the withdrawal for AMPH

Answer 37

physical and psychological craving, depression, lethargy msucle pain, abnormal sleeping patterns, anhedonia

Question 38

how does dependence occur for AMPH

Answer 38

reduced cell surface expression for DA and NE

Question 39

where does TAAR activation occur with respect to reduced transporter expression

Answer 39

upsteeam

Question 40

what can reduce the effect of AMPH

Answer 40

TAAR1 agonists

Question 41

what kind of mice are more sensitive to DA activation

Answer 41

TTAR1 knockout mice

Question 42

what are the 3 main physical long term consequences `

Answer 42

weight loss, skin breakdown, sores/picking

Question 43

how does AMPH cause decreased saliva?

Answer 43

alpha 1 on vessels , alpha2 on salivary glands

Question 44

how does AMPH cause brain damage?

Answer 44

excitotoxicity stresses neurons and induces cell death

Question 45

what happens as cells recover from MAO inhibition

Answer 45

elevated DA metabolism results in reactive species formation which damages cell membrane proteins and mito

Question 46

how is damage measured

Answer 46

reduced volume/ reduced neurons

Question 47

where is the most significant loss of neurons in the brain

Answer 47

cingulate gyrus

Question 48

which losses correlate to word-recall issues in long-term METH users

Answer 48

hippocampal

Question 49

how much more likely are METH users to develop Parkinsons

Answer 49

75%