Allerfy

Question 1

What is a hypersenstivity reaction?

Answer 1

An antigen specific immune respose that are either inapproiate or excessive and result in harm to the host using the normal immune response

Question 2

What is a type 1 hypersentivity reaction?

Answer 2

An allerfic reaction that is mediated by IgE

Question 3

What mediates type -4 hypersensitvity reactions?

Answer 3

Type 2 or anitbody mediated by IgG or IgM, type III or immune complex mediated is IgG or IgM, TType IV or cell mediated is again by IgG or Igm

Question 4

Why is the hygine hypothesis?

Answer 4

That the different exposures in a less sterile environment, such as a farm make the body less likley to get a immune response

Question 5

What is Atopy?

Answer 5

The genetic predispostion to produce IgE against other antibodies, meaning that allergy is more likley in children with parents who have allergy

Question 6

What are the different cells involved in allergic and non allergic responses?

Answer 6

In allergic there are TH1 phenotypes, and there are TH2 phenotypes and IgE production in allergic reponses

Question 7

What is clincal cross reactivity and give some examples?

Answer 7

This is where if you have a allergy to one substance you are more likley to become allergic to another substance, is seen for example a person who is allergic to cows milk has a 92% chance of being allergic to goats milk

Question 8

What are some of the features of mast cells>

Answer 8

Healing, large nucleus and cytoplas and lots of granules that have a role in the acute phase inflammatory response

Question 9

What is the role of mast cells in the allergic resposne?

Answer 9

Follwoing the binding of IgE all the stuff within the granules is realeased and therefore causes the symptoms

Question 10

What are the roles of th cyotkine IL-4 and IL-12,?

Answer 10

Are involved in stimulating and amplyfying the TH2 response

Question 11

What are the role of the cytokines IL03 and Il-5?

Answer 11

They promote eosinophil production and activation

Question 12

What is the role of TNF-a?

Answer 12

Promotes inflammtorym stimulates the cytokine production and activates the endothiael cells

Question 13

What are the role of the lipid mediator leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4?

Answer 13

Cause smooth muscle contraction, increase vascular pentration

Question 14

What is the role of the lipid mediator platlet acticvating facto>

Answer 14

Attractleukocaues,a nd amplifies the production of lipid mediators and activates the neutophils and the eospinophils

Question 15

What happens on the first exposure to a new antigen>

Answer 15

The plasma cells produce an antigen specific IgE which can bing the mast cells

Question 16

What happens on the second exposure to a new antigen?

Answer 16

Antigen, cross links with IgE on the cell surface, and this triggers the realease of granule contents such as histamin and chemokines, and the systntehis of new mediators such as leukotriens, causing increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, and brochioal constriction

Question 17

What is urticia and how does it occur?

Answer 17

Is a skin manifestation of an allergic reactions, caused by the mast cells in the epidermis, causes the increased vascular permebaulity and vascoiation, and there is a highly raised rash,

Question 18

What are some of the cases of anigodema?

Answer 18

Mast cells within the deep epidermis, lips eyes and tongues and upper airwayd bedome swollen, and this is caused by the increase in vascular permeability

Question 19

What is anahylaxis?

Answer 19

A systmeic manifestation of an allergic response and activation of mast cells

Question 20

What causes anaphylaxis?

Answer 20

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and brochoconstriction

Question 21

What happens in anaphylaxis?

Answer 21

There is hypotension and cirsulatory collaspe and generalised utriticia

Question 22

Why does adrenaline used as a treatment for anyaphylacitic shock?

Answer 22

It reduces the periphral vasodilation, reduces the odema, and elviated the hypotension, and reverese the airway obstruction and increases the force of myocardial obstruction

Question 23

What would you look for in a clincial history for allergy?

Answer 23

Seasonaility route of exposure allergens and any atopy

Question 24

What would some of the blood tests that you would perform when diagnosing allergy be?

Answer 24

Serum allergen specific IgE, skin prick teste (wheal and flare rash) challenge tests in food and drink allergy, and serum mast rypase

Question 25

What are some of the drugs that you would use in management of an allergy?

Answer 25

Anti IGE, anayphylasic, cortiocsteriods and antihistmaine

Question 26

What are the principles other than drugs of allergen managment?

Answer 26

Education (espeically of schools and patients) and allergen avoidance and elimation

Question 27

What is the proccess of allergen desenstisation?

Answer 27

Adminstration of increases doses of allergen extracs due over a period of years in most succsful in cases that are realting to insect venom