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Medical Terminology > All Diseases > Flashcards

All Diseases Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite

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2
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

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3
Q

borborygmus

A

rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract

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4
Q

constipation

A

difficulty in passing stools (feces)

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5
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent passage of loose, watery stools

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6
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing

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7
Q

eructation

A

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

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8
Q

flatus

A

gas expelled through the anus (farting)

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9
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

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10
Q

jaundice (icterus)

A

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)

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11
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

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12
Q

nausea

A

unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit

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13
Q

steatorrhea

A

fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

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14
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers

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15
Q

dental carries

A

tooth decay

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16
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus

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17
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

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18
Q

periodontal disease

A

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth and surrounding bone

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19
Q

achalasia

A

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax

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20
Q

esophageal cancer

A

malignant tumor of the esophagus

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21
Q

esophageal varices

A

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

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22
Q

gastric cancer

A

malignant tumor of the stomach

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23
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

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24
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it

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25
Q

hiatal hernia

A

occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm

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26
Q

inguinal hernia

A

occurs when a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal wall tissue

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27
Q

peptic ulcer

A

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

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28
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

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29
Q

colonic polyps

A

polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

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30
Q

colorectal cancer

A

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

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31
Q

Crohn disease “Crohn’s”

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

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32
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

2 forms: Crohn disease + ulcerative colitis, inflammation of the colon and small intestine

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33
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon

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34
Q

dysentery

A

painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

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35
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

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36
Q

ileus

A

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

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37
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of the intestines

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38
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation), but without abnormalities in the intestines

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39
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

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40
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of the intestine on itself

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41
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in the gallbladder

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42
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation and infection of the gallbladder

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43
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

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44
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

malignant tumor of the pancreas

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45
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

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46
Q

viral hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

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47
Q

celiac disease

A

damage to the lining of the small intestine as a reaction to eating gluten

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48
Q

hydronephrosis

A

obstruction of urine flow

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49
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

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50
Q

interstitial nephritis

A

inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules

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51
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stones (renal calculi)

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52
Q

nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

A

group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine

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53
Q

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney

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54
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma

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55
Q

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

A

cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

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56
Q

renal failure

A

decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function

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57
Q

renal hypertension

A

high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

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58
Q

Wilms tumor

A

malignant tumor of the kidney occuring in childhood

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59
Q

bladder cancer

A

malignant tumor of the urinary bladder

60
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resisitance of the kidney to ADH

61
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

62
Q

galactorrhea

A

abnormal, persistent discharge of milk, commonly seen within pituitary gland tumors

63
Q

carcinoma of the cervix

A

malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer).. Infection with HPV

64
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal cell growth

65
Q

carcinoma in situ (CIS)

A

localized form of cancer

66
Q

cervicitis

A

inflammation of the cervix

67
Q

leukorrhea

A

clear, white or yellow pus-filled vaginal discharge

68
Q

carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)

A

malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma)

69
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue located outside the uterus

70
Q

endometriomas or “Chocolate cysts”

A

large blood-filled cysts occuring when endometriosis affects the ovaries

71
Q

fibroids… also called leiomyomata or leiomyomas

A

benign tumors in the uterus … (lei/o = smooth, my/o = muscle, -oma = tumor)

72
Q

ovarian carcinoma (cancer)

A

malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma)

73
Q

What are the two types of ovarian carcinoma?

A

1) serous (clear fluid) and 2) mucinous (thick, pasty fluid) cystic adenocarcinomas

74
Q

ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

75
Q

ovarian cysts

A

collections of fluid within a sacs (cysts) in the ovary

76
Q

cystadenocarcinomas

A

cysts that are malignant and lines with atypical tumor cells

77
Q

teratoma

A

(terat/o = monster) … dermoid cyst of the ovary…because of the strange assortment of tissue types in the tumor (PAGE 277) the tumor is called a benign cystic teratoma or mature teratoma

78
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis ……. Leading cause of PID is… STDS!!!

79
Q

carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer)

A

malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)

80
Q

What is the most common type of breast cancer?

A

invasive ductal carcinoma… other histopathologic (hist/o = tissue) types are lobular and medullary carcinoma

81
Q

fibrocystic breast disease

A

numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast

82
Q

abruptio placentae

A

premature separation of the normally implanted placenta

83
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location

84
Q

multiple gestations

A

more than one fetus inside the uterus (TWINS!)

85
Q

placenta previa

A

implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus

86
Q

What does previa mean?

A

before or in the front of

87
Q

What are the three forms of abnormal implantation of the placenta?

A

1) placenta accreta (on the wall but not in muscle) 2) placenta increta (in uterine muscle) and 3) placenta percreta (attaching to another organ)

88
Q

preeclampsia

A

abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache

89
Q

eclampsia

A

final and most severe phase of untreated preeclampsia

90
Q

What is the Apgar score?

A

a system of scoring an infant’s physical condition 1-5 minutes after birth .. Maximum score is 10, any score under 7 –> the baby requires immediate medical attention

91
Q

What are the five components of the Apgar score?

A

APGAR… Appearance (color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (response to catheter in nostril), Activity (muscle tone), Respiration (respiratory effort)

92
Q

Down syndrome

A

chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes

93
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Hemolytic Disease in the Newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus… when Rh- mom has Rh+ baby, the mother’s body produces antibodies in response to Rh+ antigen from baby, fastforward to next pregnancy (if mom didn’t receive the Rh immunoglobulin)… antibodies from mother pass to new Rh+ baby and destroy new baby’s RBCs

94
Q

hyaline membrane disease

A

acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn… also called Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the newborn (RDS)

95
Q

hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain

96
Q

meconium aspiration syndrome

A

abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) prodcued by a fetus or newborn

97
Q

meconium ileus

A

obstruction of the small intestine in the newborn

98
Q

What is meconium?

A

a thick, sticky, greenish to black substance that is actually the first stool of the fetus and newborn

99
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum

100
Q

carcinoma of the testes

A

malignant tumor of the testicles

101
Q

What is the most common testicular tumor?

A

seminoma - arises from embryonic cells in the testes

102
Q

cryptorchidism; cryptorchism

A

undescended testicles

103
Q

hydrocele

A

sac of clear fluid in the scrotum

104
Q

testicular torsion

A

twisting of the spermatic cord

105
Q

variocele

A

enlarged, dilated veins near the testicle

106
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

benign growth of cells within the prostate gland

107
Q

carcinoma of the prostate (prostate cancer)

A

malignant tumor (adenocarcinoma) of the prostate gland

108
Q

hypospadias

A

congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip

109
Q

phimosis

A

narrowing (stricture) of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis (phim/o = muzzle)

110
Q

chlamydial infection

A

bacterial invasion (by Chlamydia trachomatis) of the urethra and reproductive tract

111
Q

gonorrhea

A

inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with gonococci (berry-shaped bacteria)

112
Q

herpes genitalis

A

infection of skin and genital mucosa, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HPV)

113
Q

human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

A

infection of the skin and mucous membranes in the anogenital region by the human papillomavirus

114
Q

syphilis

A

chronic STD caused by a spriochete (sprial-shaped bacterium)

115
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

116
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)

117
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

the vertebral defect is covered over with skin and evident only on x-ray or other imaging examination

118
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

a more severe form, with cyst-like protrusions

119
Q

meningocele

A

meninges protrude to the outside of the body

120
Q

myelomeningocele

A

both the spinal cord and meninges protrude

121
Q

Alzheimer diseases (AD)

A

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning

122
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem… also known as Lou Gehrig disease

123
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent sizure activity

124
Q

tonic-clonic seziures

A

characterized by a sudden loss of consciousness, falling down, and then tonic contractions (stiffening of muscles) followed by clonic contractions (twtiching and jerking movements of the limbs)

125
Q

absence seizures

A

a form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of the person’s surroundings

126
Q

Huntington disease (Huntington chorea)

A

hereditary disorder marked by degernative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

127
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue

128
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

129
Q

palsy

A

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)

130
Q

cerebral palsy

A

partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period

131
Q

Bell palsy

A

paralysis on one side of the face

132
Q

Parkinson disease (parkinsonism)

A

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement

133
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words

134
Q

bradykinesia

A

shuffling gait (symptom of Parkinsons)

135
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves

136
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis

137
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS

138
Q

brain tumor

A

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges

139
Q

cerebral concussion

A

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head

140
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head

141
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain ; stroke AKA cerebral infarction

142
Q

Thrombotic stroke

A

blood clot (thrombus) in the arteries leading to the brain, resulting in occlusion of the vessel

143
Q

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A

short episodes of neurologic dysfunction … “mini strokes”

144
Q

Embolic stroke

A

an embolus (a dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral (brain) arteries and occludes in a small vessel… occurs very suddenly

145
Q

Hemmorhagic stroke

A

a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and bleeding occurs

146
Q

migraine

A

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache

Medical Terminology (13 decks)

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