All Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
anorexia
A
lack of appetite
2
Q
ascites
A
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
3
Q
borborygmus
A
rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract
4
Q
constipation
A
difficulty in passing stools (feces)
5
Q
diarrhea
A
frequent passage of loose, watery stools
6
Q
dysphagia
A
difficulty in swallowing
7
Q
eructation
A
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
8
Q
flatus
A
gas expelled through the anus (farting)
9
Q
hematochezia
A
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
10
Q
jaundice (icterus)
A
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
11
Q
melena
A
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
12
Q
nausea
A
unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit
13
Q
steatorrhea
A
fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
14
Q
aphthous stomatitis
A
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
15
Q
dental carries
A
tooth decay
16
Q
herpetic stomatitis
A
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus
17
Q
oral leukoplakia
A
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
18
Q
periodontal disease
A
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth and surrounding bone
19
Q
achalasia
A
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
20
Q
esophageal cancer
A
malignant tumor of the esophagus
21
Q
esophageal varices
A
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
22
Q
gastric cancer
A
malignant tumor of the stomach
23
Q
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
A
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
24
Q
hernia
A
protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it
25
hiatal hernia
occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm
26
inguinal hernia
occurs when a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal wall tissue
27
peptic ulcer
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
28
anal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
29
colonic polyps
polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
30
colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
31
Crohn disease "Crohn's"
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
32
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
2 forms: Crohn disease + ulcerative colitis, inflammation of the colon and small intestine
33
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon
34
dysentery
painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
35
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
36
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
37
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
38
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation), but without abnormalities in the intestines
39
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
40
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
41
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
42
cholecystitis
inflammation and infection of the gallbladder
43
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
44
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
45
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
46
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
47
celiac disease
damage to the lining of the small intestine as a reaction to eating gluten
48
hydronephrosis
obstruction of urine flow
49
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
50
interstitial nephritis
inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules
51
nephrolithiasis
kidney stones (renal calculi)
52
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine
53
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney
54
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma
55
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
56
renal failure
decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function
57
renal hypertension
high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
58
Wilms tumor
malignant tumor of the kidney occuring in childhood
59
bladder cancer
malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
60
diabetes insipidus (DI)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resisitance of the kidney to ADH
61
diabetes mellitus (DM)
insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
62
galactorrhea
abnormal, persistent discharge of milk, commonly seen within pituitary gland tumors
63
carcinoma of the cervix
malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer).. Infection with HPV
64
dysplasia
abnormal cell growth
65
carcinoma in situ (CIS)
localized form of cancer
66
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
67
leukorrhea
clear, white or yellow pus-filled vaginal discharge
68
carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)
malignant tumor of the uterine lining (adenocarcinoma)
69
endometriosis
endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
70
endometriomas or "Chocolate cysts"
large blood-filled cysts occuring when endometriosis affects the ovaries
71
fibroids… also called leiomyomata or leiomyomas
benign tumors in the uterus … (lei/o = smooth, my/o = muscle, -oma = tumor)
72
ovarian carcinoma (cancer)
malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma)
73
What are the two types of ovarian carcinoma?
1) serous (clear fluid) and 2) mucinous (thick, pasty fluid) cystic adenocarcinomas
74
ascites
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
75
ovarian cysts
collections of fluid within a sacs (cysts) in the ovary
76
cystadenocarcinomas
cysts that are malignant and lines with atypical tumor cells
77
teratoma
(terat/o = monster) … dermoid cyst of the ovary…because of the strange assortment of tissue types in the tumor (PAGE 277) the tumor is called a benign cystic teratoma or mature teratoma
78
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis ……. Leading cause of PID is… STDS!!!
79
carcinoma of the breast (breast cancer)
malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)
80
What is the most common type of breast cancer?
invasive ductal carcinoma… other histopathologic (hist/o = tissue) types are lobular and medullary carcinoma
81
fibrocystic breast disease
numerous small sacs of fluid surrounded by dense strands of fibrous tissue in the breast
82
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the normally implanted placenta
83
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location
84
multiple gestations
more than one fetus inside the uterus (TWINS!)
85
placenta previa
implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus
86
What does previa mean?
before or in the front of
87
What are the three forms of abnormal implantation of the placenta?
1) placenta accreta (on the wall but not in muscle) 2) placenta increta (in uterine muscle) and 3) placenta percreta (attaching to another organ)
88
preeclampsia
abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache
89
eclampsia
final and most severe phase of untreated preeclampsia
90
What is the Apgar score?
a system of scoring an infant's physical condition 1-5 minutes after birth .. Maximum score is 10, any score under 7 --> the baby requires immediate medical attention
91
What are the five components of the Apgar score?
APGAR… Appearance (color), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (response to catheter in nostril), Activity (muscle tone), Respiration (respiratory effort)
92
Down syndrome
chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retardation, retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes
93
erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic Disease in the Newborn (HDN) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus… when Rh- mom has Rh+ baby, the mother's body produces antibodies in response to Rh+ antigen from baby, fastforward to next pregnancy (if mom didn't receive the Rh immunoglobulin)... antibodies from mother pass to new Rh+ baby and destroy new baby's RBCs
94
hyaline membrane disease
acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn… also called Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the newborn (RDS)
95
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain
96
meconium aspiration syndrome
abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) prodcued by a fetus or newborn
97
meconium ileus
obstruction of the small intestine in the newborn
98
What is meconium?
a thick, sticky, greenish to black substance that is actually the first stool of the fetus and newborn
99
pyloric stenosis
narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
100
carcinoma of the testes
malignant tumor of the testicles
101
What is the most common testicular tumor?
seminoma - arises from embryonic cells in the testes
102
cryptorchidism; cryptorchism
undescended testicles
103
hydrocele
sac of clear fluid in the scrotum
104
testicular torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord
105
variocele
enlarged, dilated veins near the testicle
106
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
benign growth of cells within the prostate gland
107
carcinoma of the prostate (prostate cancer)
malignant tumor (adenocarcinoma) of the prostate gland
108
hypospadias
congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
109
phimosis
narrowing (stricture) of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis (phim/o = muzzle)
110
chlamydial infection
bacterial invasion (by Chlamydia trachomatis) of the urethra and reproductive tract
111
gonorrhea
inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by infection with gonococci (berry-shaped bacteria)
112
herpes genitalis
infection of skin and genital mucosa, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HPV)
113
human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
infection of the skin and mucous membranes in the anogenital region by the human papillomavirus
114
syphilis
chronic STD caused by a spriochete (sprial-shaped bacterium)
115
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain
116
spina bifida
congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)
117
spina bifida occulta
the vertebral defect is covered over with skin and evident only on x-ray or other imaging examination
118
spina bifida cystica
a more severe form, with cyst-like protrusions
119
meningocele
meninges protrude to the outside of the body
120
myelomeningocele
both the spinal cord and meninges protrude
121
Alzheimer diseases (AD)
brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning
122
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem… also known as Lou Gehrig disease
123
epilepsy
chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent sizure activity
124
tonic-clonic seziures
characterized by a sudden loss of consciousness, falling down, and then tonic contractions (stiffening of muscles) followed by clonic contractions (twtiching and jerking movements of the limbs)
125
absence seizures
a form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of the person's surroundings
126
Huntington disease (Huntington chorea)
hereditary disorder marked by degernative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration
127
multiple sclerosis (MS)
destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue
128
myasthenia gravis (MG)
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
129
palsy
paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
130
cerebral palsy
partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period
131
Bell palsy
paralysis on one side of the face
132
Parkinson disease (parkinsonism)
degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement
133
Tourette syndrome
involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words
134
bradykinesia
shuffling gait (symptom of Parkinsons)
135
herpes zoster (shingles)
viral infection affecting peripheral nerves
136
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis
137
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS
138
brain tumor
abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges
139
cerebral concussion
type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head
140
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head
141
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain ; stroke AKA cerebral infarction
142
Thrombotic stroke
blood clot (thrombus) in the arteries leading to the brain, resulting in occlusion of the vessel
143
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
short episodes of neurologic dysfunction … "mini strokes"
144
Embolic stroke
an embolus (a dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral (brain) arteries and occludes in a small vessel… occurs very suddenly
145
Hemmorhagic stroke
a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery, breaks and bleeding occurs
146
migraine
severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache
