Aerobic Respiration In Mammel Flashcards
4 stages of aerobic respiration
1)Glycolysis - Glucose split into 2 pyruvate
2)Link reaction - 2 pyruvate actively transport to matrix, link with co-enzyme A to Acetyl co-enzyme A.
3)Krebs cycle - Acetyl CoA links with 4C (carbon) compound to 6C compound. Go under several intermediaries - removal of CO2 + H+
4)Electron transport chain - Take place in matrix, cristae + intermembrane space. Deliver H+ and electrons.
Glycolysis
1)1 glucose -> Hexose biphosphate
- 2 ATP used to attach 2 phosphate to glucose, forming 2 ADP
- Causes molecule to become unstable
- Molecule has 6 carbon + 2 phosphate
2) Hexose diphosphate split into 2 triose phosphate.
- Due to unstable bond
3) 2 triose phosphate -> 2 pyruvate
- co-enzyme NAD use enzyme hydrogenase to remove 1 H+ and attached to itself, become reduced (NADH)
- 2 ADP + Pi uses some energy of this molecule to become ATP (known as substrate level phosphorylation)
Results: 2 pyruvate (3C), 4 ATP + 2 NADH (since 2 triose phosphate is having a reaction)
Glycolysis - extra detail
- Take place in cytoplasm
- Does not need oxygen (can anaerobic)
Why is glycolysis important
- Generate profit of 2 ATP, efficient
- Generate 2 NADH, maintain H+ gradient in mitochondria.
- Make glucose reactive for respiration
Link reaction
1) Pyruvate (3 carbon) -> Acetate (2C)
- Become decarboxylated by decarboxylase enzyme (1 CO2 removed)
- Dehydrogenated by NAD + dehydrogenase form 1 NADH
2) Acetate (2C) + Co-enzyme A -> Acetyl co-enzyme A
- both combined/ link
Results: 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2 + 2 NADH (times 2 since 2 pyruvate are reacting)
Link reaction -extra detail + why important
-Pyruvate actively transport into matrix if O2 is available
-Helo provide NADH for hydrogen for ATP synthase + gradient.
Krebs cycle (1-3)
1) Acetyl CoA (2C) -> 6C (carbon) compound
- CoA disassociate with acetate to go back to link reaction - carry more acetate
- Acetate (2C) combine with 4C compound
2) 6C compound -> 5C compound (each stage known as intermediaries)
- Decarboxylation (lose 1 CO2) by decarboxylase
- Dehydrogenation by NAD with dehydrogenase (NADH)
3) 5C compound -> 4C compound
- Decarboxylation
- Dehydrogenation by NAD
- 1 ATP formed (substrate level phosphorylation)
Krebs cycle 4-6
4) 4C compound -> 4C compound
- Dehydrogenation by FAD, reduced to FADH2
5) 4C compound -> 4C compound
- Dehydrogenation by NAD
6) 4C compound combine with Acetate (2C) again
Results: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP (from 2 Acetyl CoA)
Krebs cycle - extra detail + why important
-Happens in matrix
-Generates the most NADH and FADH2, most important process to generate energy
How much ATP can NADH and FADH2 yield?
NADH = 3 ATP
FADH2 = 2 ATP
Electron transport chain
-Known as cytochrome (electron carrier) in mitochondria situate at cristae
1) NADH + FADH2 drops off hyrodgens which spilt into proton and electron then becomes oxidise NAD + FAD
2) Electron from NADH go past 4 cytochrome :
->()->()->()->(E) and activates 3 cytochrome for 3 protons to be attracted
- Electrins from FADH go past 3 cytochrome
->()->()->(E) and activates 2 cytochrome for 2 protons to be attracted - ()()()(EE) on cristae
-This is due to electron fromNAD arrives to the first pump, FAD arrives at second because slower
3) O2 comes and combine with remaining H+ and electron in cytochrome to decrease conc. of H+ in matrix and free space in cytochrome
Oxidative phosphorylation since O2 is used
Summary
Glycosis - cytoplasm
- input: 1 glucose
- output: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (4 revenue), 2 NADH
Link reaction - matrix
- input: 2 pyruvate
- output: 2 Acetyl Co-enzyme, 2 NADH, 2 CO2
Krebs cycle - matrix
- input: 2 Acetyl Co-enzyme A
- output: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2
Electron transport chain - matrix, intermembrane space + cristae
- input: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2
- output: H2O
Total ATP from 1 glucose: 4 ATP + 34 ATP
10 NADH yield 30 ATP
2 FADH2 yield 4 ATP
Final electron acceptor
Oxygen
O2+E-+H+ -> H2O
Mainly located in stroma
