Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ABD > Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What space is are the adreal glands and kidneys located in?

A

perirenal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The right adrenal gland is shaped like a ______ or ________.

A

triangle or pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the right adrenal gland located on the upper pole of the right kidney?

A

located superior, anterior, and on the medial aspect of the upper pole of the right kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Portions of the right adrenal gland extend _____ to the iVC

A

posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The crus of of the diaphragm lies _____ and _____ to the right adrenal gland.

A

medial and posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The left adrenal gland is shaped like a _______.

A

crescent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the left adrenal gland located on the uper pole of the let kidney

A

anteriormedial to the upper pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The Ao and crus of the diaphragm are located _____ to the left adrenal gland and the tail of the pancreas is located ______ to the left adrenal gland

A

medial

anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adrenal anatomy

A

Adrenal Cortex

  • produces steroid hormones (aldosterone, cortisol, androgens) these ACH are regulated by the adrenocorticotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland- these glands function together to regulate production……a dec in adrenal cortical function inc ACTH which stimulates the cortex, or an inc in ACH leads to drop in ACTH secretions, whihc leads to drop in activity of adrenal cortex
  • peripherary of the gland

Adrenal Medulla

  • produces catecholamines (epinephrine/arenaline, norepinephrine)
  • inside/center of gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_____ of the adrenal gland and anterior pituitary gland may overproduce or underproduce ACTH and ACH

A

tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sonographic appearance of an adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex is hypoechoic and typically less echogenic than the suroudinging retroperitoneal fat

adrenal medulla is seen as an echogenic linera structure within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A singe vein drains each adrenal gland, what are they and what do they drain into?

A

right - right suprarenal vein drains into IVC

left - left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 3 arteries supply each adrenal gland

A

suprarenal branch of inferior phrenic art
suprarenal branch of aorta
suprarenal branch of renal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F - TSonographic appearance of adrenal masses does not allow differenetiation between adenoma, carcinoma, pheochromocytoma and metastases.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most adrenal adenomas are ______ but can be ______.

A

nonhyperfunctioning

hyperfunctioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What syndromes are the result adrenal hyperfunctioning?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome (hypercortisolism)
Conn Syndrome (primary aldosteronism)
Hirsutism (abundance of hair growth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cushing’s is assoc with

A

steroids
inc ACTH from a pituitary adenoma
primary adrenal adenoma
ectopic ACTH (oat cell ca, small cell lung ca)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Conn’s is assoc with

A

adrenal adenomas
bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia
ectopic secretion of aldosterone
aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma

19
Q

hirtuism is assoc with

A 
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
cushing's
pituitary tumor
adrenocortical carcinoma
ovarian tumor (arrhenoblastoma)
PCOS
idiopathic
20
Q

adrenal cortical carcinoma

A 
rare tumor
poor prognosis
majority present with Cushing's
many present with MET involvement
differentiation from benign adenoma is difficult - tumor removal/Bx based on size (>3cm)
21
Q

Adrenal cortical carcinomas tend to invade the _____ _____ and ____ _____ _____.

A

renal veins and IVC

22
Q

Pehocromocytoma originate from where

A

adrenal medulla
but
may occur in ectopic locations such as along the paraaortic sympathetic nerve chain

23
Q

Are pehocromocytomas malignanat or benign?

A

majority are benign

24
Q

What do pheocromocytoma tumors secrete?

A

catecholamines (nor/epi- neprhine)

25
Q

What are pehocromocytomas assoc with?

A

multiple endocrine neoplasi (MEN)
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
neurofibromatosis type 1

26
Q

_________ is a malignant tumor arising from the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Neuroblastoma

27
Q

Where do neuroblastomas commonly occur?

A

in the adrenal medulla but can occur in the neck, chest, pelvis

-vs Wilm’s Tumors, which orginate from and invades the kidney

28
Q

How does adrenal neuroblastoma present?

A

palpable abdominal mass with increased blood and urine catecholamines
-majority present with metastatic disease

29
Q

Can neuroblastomas be diagnosed prenatally?

A

Yes, typically during the 3rd trimester

30
Q

Most common adrenal mass of infancy/early (between 2m and 2yrs) childhood?

A

neuroblastomas

31
Q

Sonograohic appearance of adrenal neuroblastoma

A

solid mass

displaces ipsilateral kidney inferiorly into plevis

32
Q

Benign, non-functioning adrenal mass that contains fat and bone?

A

myelolipomas

33
Q

What artifact is associated with myelolipomas?

A

propagation speed artifact

34
Q

Sonographically, myelolipomas are seen as _______ masses in the adrenal bed.

A

hyperechoic

35
Q

MC cell type found in adrenal lymphoma metastases from malignant tumors?

A

Non-Hodgkin disease

  • usually assoc with other sites of disease, most usually the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and ipsilateral kidney
  • adrenal involvment in widespread non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma occurs in 4% of cases and may be diffuse, resembling hyperplasia or mass-like
36
Q

Is adrenal lymphoma bilateral or unilateral?

A

frequently bilateral

37
Q

When it comes to metastases, in order, what is the most common site (liver, bone, adrenal glands, lung)

A

Lung
Liver
bone
Adrenals

38
Q

Most common primary cancer that metastasizes to the adrenal glands?

A

lung ca

39
Q

Differentiation from a unilateral adrenal mass, benign adenoma vs a metastatic lesions, is diffiuclt wuth a primary cancer. What may be needed to make this distinction?

A

biospy

40
Q

MC adrenal mass in a newborn/neonate?

A

adrenal hemorrhage

41
Q

Why are the adrenals vulnerable to birth trauma?

A

large size of neonatal adrenals and their high degree of the vascularity

42
Q

Sonographic appearance of an adrenal hemorrhage?

A

varies with blood coagulation…..
normally evolution - hematoma ends with a pseudocyst formation

if a mass is seen adjacent to the adrenal, mos likely a hemorrhage in a newborn

43
Q

What is the Dx in a newborn with an abdominal mass and decreasing hematocrit?

A

adrenal hemorrhage

ABD (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions