Abdomen: Surface anatomy and ant. abdominal wall

Question 1

Name the 9 regions of the abdomen.

Answer 1

1. Right hypochondrium
2. Epigastric
3. Left hypochondrium
4. Right flank
5. Umbilicus
6. Left flank
7. Right groin
8. Pubic
9. Left groin

Question 2

In which region are these organs found:
1. Liver (3)
2. Spleen (2)
3. Pancreas (3)
4. Stomach (3)
5. Appendix (1)

Answer 2

1. Right hypochondrium, epigastric, right lumbar
2. Left hypochondrium, epigastric
3. Epigastric, left hypochondrium, umbilical
4. Epigastric, umbilical, left hypochondrium
5. Right groin

Question 3

If there is a pathology in the … where will pain be initially felt?
1. Hindgut
2. Foregut
3. Midgut

Answer 3

1. Pubic region
2. Epigastric region
3. Umbilical region

Question 4

What are the five occurrances at the transpyloric plane?

Answer 4

1. 2nd part of the duodenum.
2. Hilum of the left kidney.
3. Hilum of the spleen.
4. Neck of the pancreas
5. Root of the transverse mesocolon.

Question 5

Where do we find the McBurney’s point with reference to the ASIS and umbilicus?

Answer 5

-It is found 1/3 away from ASIS and 2/3 away from the umbilicus.

Question 6

Which part of a visceral organ do we find at the McBurney’s point?

Answer 6

The appendix

Question 7

Which point do we have 2/3 away from ASIS and 1/3 away from umbilicus?

Answer 7

Ureteric point

Question 8

Name and describe the two fasciae that we find above the abdominal muscles?

Answer 8

CAMPER’S FASCIA:
- is a superficial fascia that continues above the inguinal ligament.
- In men, it continues over the penis, loses fat and fuses with the scarpa’s fascia.It continues into the scrotum where it forms the dartos fascia.
-In women it retains its fat and forms the labia majora.
SCARPA’S FASCIA:
-It continues over the inguinal ligament where it fuses with the deep fascia of the thigh to form the tensor fascia lata.
-It continues over the perineum and form the superficial perineal fascia called the colles fascia.

Question 9

What are the ant. abdominal m. we have?

Answer 9

-External oblique
-Internal oblique
-Transversus abdominis
-Rectus abdominis

Question 10

What do we call the vertical line that divides the rectus abdominis?

Answer 10

Linea alba

Question 11

What do we call the horizontal lines that are found in btwn the rectus abdominis muscle?

Answer 11

Tendinous intersections

Question 12

Two nerves with the nerve root L1?

Answer 12

Ilio-inguinal and ilio-hypogastric nerves

Question 13

What do we call the layer that covers the rectus abdominis muscle?

Answer 13

Rectus sheath

Question 14

What do we call the fascia found underneath the abdominal muscles?

Answer 14

Transversalis fascia

Question 15

Flat-like tendon of muscles?

Answer 15

Aponeurosis

Question 16

From which vessel does the inf. epigastric a. arise?

Answer 16

External iliac artery

Question 17

Course of the inf. epigastric artery.

Answer 17

-It arises from the external iliac artery, enters the rectus sheath and anastomose with the sup. epigastric a. which arises from the internal thoracic artery.

Question 18

Name the three peritoneal folds and their relations?

Answer 18

-Median umbilical fold, urachus.
-Medial umbilical fold, umbilical artery and medial umbilical ligament.
-Lateral umbilical fold- Inferior epigastric vessels.

Question 19

What are the contents of the inguinal area from lateral to medial.

Answer 19

-Femoral nerve
-Femoral artery
-Femoral vein
-Femoral canal
-Lacunar ligament

Question 20

List the boundaries of the inguinal canal (4)

Answer 20

POST. - Transversalis fascia, reinforced medially by the conjoint tendon.
-ANT. -Aponeurosis of the EO, reinforced laterally by the IO.
-Roof- Arches of the IO and TA, reinforced by the conjoint tendon.
Floor-Inguinal lig, reinforced medially by the lacunar lig.

Question 21

What are the 3 nerves, 3 arteries, 3 fasciae and 3 other structures of the spermatic cord?

Answer 21

3 NERVES:
-Sympathetic autonomic plexus.
- Genito-femoral nerve
- Ilio-inguinal nerve
3 ARTERIES:
-Cremasteric artery
-Artery to ductus deferens
-Testicular artery
3 FASCIAE:
-External spermatic fascia
-Cremasteric fascia
-Internal spermatic fascia
3 OTHER:
-Lymphatic vessels
-Pampiniform venous plexus
-Ductus deferens

Question 22

Borders of the hesselbach triangle (3)

Answer 22

Lateral border: Inferior epigastric triangle.
Medial border: Lateral border of the rectus abdominis m.
Inferior border: Inguinal ligament.

Question 23

What are the contents of the hesselbach triangle? (3)

Answer 23

-Ilio-inguinal n.
-Genital branch of the genito-femoral n.
-Spermatic cord (men), round ligament of uterus (women).

Question 24

What are the differences btwn the direct and indirect hernias? (5)

Answer 24

DIRECT HERNIA:
-Caused by weakness of the ant. abdominal wall (aging).
-Less common
- Structures exit from the abdominal cavity via the peritoneum and transversalis fascia.
-Courses through or around the inguinal canal, usually only medial 1/3 of the canal.
-Structures exit from the ant. abdominal wall via superficial inguinal ring, rarely goes to the scrotum.

INDIRECT HERNIA (congenital):
- Caused by a patent vaginal process in younger people.
-More common
-Structures exit the abdominal cavity via the peritoneum of the vaginal process and all three fasciae covering the cord.
-Hernia courses through the inguinal canal within the vaginal processes.
-Structures exit from the ant. abdominal wall via the superficial ring, commonly passing into scrotum/ labia majora.

Question 25

Site for direct inguinal hernia?

Answer 25

Hesselbach’s triangle