Abdomen: Abdominal wall and surface anatomy Flashcards
the abdominopelvic cavity is a space which extends from the ….. to the ….
thoracic diaphragm to the pelvic diaphragm (pelvic inlet)
What is the epithelium of the peritoneum called?
What are the different layers of peritoneum?
Mesothelium.
Parietal and visceral layers.
Linea alba is the midline.
Semilunar line are the outsides of the rectus abdominus.
The horizontal intersection is the tendinous intersection between bellies.
Right and left iliac region is also possible.
How do you separate the abdominal area up into quadrants (which planes do you use)?
Transumbilical plane and medial plane.
What are the layers of the abdominal wall below the skin? (General layout).
- Skin
- Superficial fatty layer (Campers fascia).
- Deep membranous layer (Scarpa fascia). These two layers fuse to form the superficial fascia.
- Abdominal muscles (3 muscles: External oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominus - and their aponeuroses. Or rectus abdominis).
- Transversalis fascia.
- Extraperitoneal fascia (thickens to protect the kidneys).
- Parietal peritoneum
Which direction do the fibres of the external oblique run?
Internal oblique?
Transverse abdominis?
What are their function?
External oblique = Inferiorly and medially.
Inernal oblique= Supeirorly and medially.
Transversus abdominis = transversely.
Oblique muscles = trunk rotation and lateral flexion.
Transversus abdominis = contract to protect organs.
What are these muscles and their function?
Trunk flexion.
How does fascia differ above vs below the arcuate line?
Below the arcuate line the external oblique aponeurosis, internal and transversalis aponeurosis join together and go superficially to the rectus abdominis.
What is name of this space called?
What structure runs through here?
Inguinal canal.
Spermatic chord.
What is the anterior wall and posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Anteriorly the external oblique aponeurosis.
Posteriorly: Transversalis fascia
What is the floor and roof of the inguinal canal?
Roof: Internal oblique (orange) and transversus abdominis muscles (blue).
Floor: Inguinal ligament (which is made of an extension of the external oblique aponeurosis which in the inferior end to form the inguinal ligament).
What is in the inguinal canal in females?
Round ligament (anchors uterus).
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve and illinguinal nerve.
Contents of the inguinal canal in males?
Explain testicular descent in males?
Develops in abdomen then descends into scrotum (28 weeks gestation).
Gubernaculum guides the movement of testes into scrote.
In later stage abdominal wall has outpouching called processus vaginalis, this also carries the different fascia and abdominal layers. Once they get into scrotum the names of the layers change. For some people the processus vaginalis remains open which increases risk of inguinal hernia.
The abdominal muscles are innervated segmentally by ________ nerves.
____ level is at the umbilicus.
intercostal.
T10.
What is the vascular supply of the anterior abdominal wall?
Arterial supply to the abdominal wall.
Internal thoracic arteries, by end of ribcage splits into two, musculophrenic and superior epigastric artery which involves both sides.
Superior epigastric goes into the rectus sheath.
Also have abdominal aorta which goes into common iliac and then splits into internal and external iliac. External iliac there is a branch which goes up to make the inferior epigastric artery which forms an anastomosis with the superior epigastric artery in the rectus sheath.
What arteries supply the posterior abdominal wall?
venous drainage of the abdominal wall
What are the different venous anastamosis with the portal system which can cause problems?
Portal htn can cause increase flow to theses anastomosis.
Periumbillical region = caput madusae.
Oesophageal and anal varices.
What are the ligaments which connect the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
What are the peritoneal folds in the interior of the anterior abdominal wall?
What are the fossae which they make?
Which inguinal rings are associated with which folds?
Laterally = lateral inguinal fossa, deep inguinal ring anteriorly.
Middle = Medial inguinal fossa, superficial inguinal ring anteriorly.
Most medial = supravesicular fossa.
What are the causes of a direct vs indirect inguinal hernia?
