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Abdomen 2 > Abdomen 2 Thyroid and Parathyroid final review > Flashcards

Abdomen 2 Thyroid and Parathyroid final review Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following muscles does not comprise the strap muscles?
a. infrahyoid
b. sternocleidomastoid
c. sternohyoid
d. omohyoid

A

b

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2
Q

Which statement is NOT true about the thyroid gland?
a. It is located below the larynx.
b. It is a gland with low vascularity
c. A pyramidal lobe is present in approximately 10% of the population
d. It has a saddlebag appearance in cross section

A

b

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3
Q

Which of the following falls in the normal range for the thyroid gland in the average adult?
a. 5 cm in length, 1.5 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
b. 4 cm in length, 3 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
c. 3 cm in length, 3 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
d. 6 cm in length, 2 cm in AP diameter, 3 cm in AP diameter

A

a

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4
Q

How many lobes make up the thyroid gland?

A

two

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5
Q

The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the:

A

isthmjus

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6
Q

The longus colli neck muscles are located:

A

posterior to the thyroid

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7
Q

All of the following increase the thyroid volume, EXCEPT:
a. increased body weight
b. increased amounts of iodine intake
c. acute hepatitis
d. increased age

A

b

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8
Q

The size and shape of thyroids vary; which measurement is used to determine if the thyroid is enlarged?

A

AP diameter

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9
Q

Which of the following hormones controls the amount of thyroid secretion?
a. TSH
b. T3
c. T3
d. Calcitonin

A

a

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10
Q

Which of the following hormones prevents hypercalcemia?
a. thyroxine
b. triiodothyronine
c. calcitonin
d. thyrotropin

A

c

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11
Q

Benign solid tumor of the parathyroid gland that secretes parathyroid hormone. solid tumor of the thyroid gland

A

adenoma

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12
Q

enlargement of the glands

A

adenopathy

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13
Q

a loss of differentiation of cell that is a characteristic of tumor tissue and occurs in most malignant tumors

A

anaplasia

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14
Q

enlargement of lymph nodes

A

cervical adenopathy

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15
Q

seen on a nuclear medicine study as a region of thyroid where the radioisotope has not been taken up; the area may correspond to a palpable mass

A

cold nodule (photon-deficient area)

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16
Q

The thyroid gland is producing the right amount of thyroid hormone is referred to as

A

euthyroid

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17
Q

invasive procedure using a small gauge needle to obtain a tissue specimen from a specific lesion

A

fine-needle aspiration (FNA)

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18
Q

Focal or diffuse thyroid gland enlargement due to iodine deficiency; multiple nodules may be present

A

goiter

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19
Q

an autoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by antibodies that continuously activate thyroid stimulating hormone receptors; it is characterized by enlarged thyroid, protrusion of eyeballs (exophthalmos), a rapid heartbeat, nervous excitability

A

Graves disease

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20
Q

most common inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland; usually occurs in genetically predisposed individuals, often presents in patients with other autoimmune disorders that may be associated with the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue, and often accompanied by marked hyperemia

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

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21
Q

occurring at an abnormal place or upon the wrong part of the body

A

heterotopic

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22
Q

disorder associated with elevated serum calcium levels, usually caused by benign parathyroid adenoma

A

hyperparathyroidism

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23
Q

oversecretion of thyroid hormones

A

hyperthyroidism

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24
Q

low phosphate level that can be seen with hyperparathyroidism

A

hypophotophatasia

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25
Q

underactive thyroid hormones

A

hypothyroidism

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26
Q

causing little pain or slow growing tumor

A

indolent

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27
Q

thin band of thyroid tissue connecting the right and left lobes

A

isthmus

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28
Q

wedge shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

A

longus colli muscles

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29
Q

tiny hyperechoic foci that may or may not shadow; sometimes present within a thyroid nodule

A

microcalcification

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30
Q

most common form of thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinmoa

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31
Q

hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulate serum calcium and phosphorus

A

parathyroid hormome

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32
Q

oversecretion of parathyroid hormones

A

hyperparathyroidism

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33
Q

lare muscles located anterolateral to the thyroid

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle

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34
Q

sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles located anterior to the thyroid

A

strap muscles

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35
Q

developmental fluid-filled spaces; congenital anomaly located anterior to the trachea extending from the base of the tongue to the isthmus of the thyroid gland

A

thyroglossal duct

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36
Q

increase in color doppler vascular flow in the thyroid

A

thyroid inferno

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37
Q

inflammation of the thyroid

A

thyroiditis

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38
Q

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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39
Q

the thyroid and parathyroid both have what common functions

A

both are endocrine glands

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40
Q

what is the main function of the thyroid gland

A

regulation of basal metabolic rate

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41
Q

what is the most common functional disorder of the thyroid gland

A

hypothyroidism

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42
Q

how many parathyroid glands do most adults have

A

4

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43
Q

what is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid adenoma

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44
Q

the mean length of the thyroid is

A

40 to 60 mm

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45
Q

the mean AP diameter of the thyroid is

A

12 to 18 mm

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46
Q

the mean thickness of the isthmus is

A

4 to 6 mm

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47
Q

what three hormones does the thyroid secrete

A

triiodothyronine
thyroxine
calcitonin

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48
Q

what is needed to properly synthesize the thyroid hormones

A

iodine

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49
Q

the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein form the _______ border of the thyroid gland

A

posterior lateral

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50
Q

the echotexture of the normal thyroid gland is

A

homogeneous

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51
Q

the thyoid gland is _______ when compared to the adjacent musculature

A

hyperechoic

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52
Q

congential cyst of the neck that tend to midline

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

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53
Q

congenital cyst of the neck that tend to lie lateral to the carotid artery

A

brachial cleft cyst

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54
Q

hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of T3 and T4

A

thyrotoxicosis

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55
Q

the majority of patients with hyperthyroidism have _____ disease

A

graves

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56
Q

the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism is

A

hashimoto thyroiditis

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57
Q

papillary carcinoma most commonly occurs between the ages of

A

20 and 50

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58
Q

papillary carcinoma is three times more common in

A

women

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59
Q

A definitive diagnosis of papillary carcinoma can be made by

A

Fine needle aspiration

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60
Q

the overall survival rate for papillary carcinoma is:

A

98%

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61
Q

the parathyroid glands are responsible for producing

A

parathyroid hormone

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62
Q

parathyroid hormones regulate the concentration of

A

calcium and phosphorus

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63
Q

dysphage is described as

A

difficulty swallowing

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64
Q

what is the medical term for bulging eyes?

A

exophthalmos

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65
Q

what is another name for a cystic hygroma

A

lymphangioma

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66
Q

a cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a

A

brachial cleft cyst

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67
Q

a normal lymph node will not measure greater than

A

10 mm

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68
Q

what sonographic findings are associated with a thyroid inferno?

A

increased vascularity

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69
Q

which abnormality is associated with sonographric findings of a thyroid inferno

A

Graves disease

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70
Q

The fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as:

A

triiodothyronine

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71
Q

which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes?

A

common carotid artery

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72
Q

a thyroid isthmus that measures greater than _____ is indicative of thyroid enlargement

A

10 mm

73
Q

which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?

A

strap

74
Q

what is the first branch of the external carotid artery?

A

superior thyroid

75
Q

the superior extension of the thyroid isthmus is referred to as the

A

pyramidal lobe

76
Q

which hormone is most abdundantly produced by the thyroid

A

thyroxine

77
Q

difficulty breathing

A

dypsnea

78
Q

hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules seen on nuclear medicine study that are almost always benign

A

hot nodules

79
Q

elevated serum calcium

A

hypercalcemia

80
Q

pediatric neck mass that consist of lymphatic fluid secondary to the blockage of lymphatic channels; may also be referred to as cystic hygroma, may occur in other parts of the body where lymphatic tissue exist

A

lymphangioma

81
Q

clinical finding associated with Graves disease in which there is thickening of the skin and edema on the anterior legs

A

pretibial myxedema

82
Q

a normal variant of the thyroid gland in which there is a superior extension of the isthmus

A

pyramidal lobe

83
Q

nuclear medicine study in which a radiopharmaceutical is used to examine the thyroid gland

A

scintigraphy

84
Q

the surgical removal of the thyroid or part of the thyroid

A

thyroidectomy

85
Q

the fluid produced by the thyroid that contains thyroid hormones

A

colloid

86
Q

focal or diffuse thyroid gland enlargement due to iodine deficiency

A

goiter

87
Q

most common form of thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

88
Q

inflammation of the thyroid

A

thyroiditis

89
Q

underactive thyroid hormones

A

hypothyroidism

90
Q

thyroid gland is producing the right amount of thyroid hormome

A

euthyroid

91
Q

increase in color Doppler vascular flow in the thyroid

A

thyroid inferno

92
Q

Enlargement of the glands

A

adenopathy

93
Q

wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

A

longus colli muscles

94
Q

occurring at an abnormal place or upon the wrong part of the body

A

heterotopic

95
Q

sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles located anterior to the thyroid

A

strap muscles

96
Q

invasive procedure using a small gauge needle to obtain a tissue specimen from a specific lesion

A

fine-needle aspiration

97
Q

hyperechoic foci that may or may not shadow

A

microcalcification

98
Q

low phosphatase level that can be seen with hyperparathyroidism

A

hypophotophasia

99
Q

benign solid tumor

A

adenoma

100
Q

loss of differentiation of cells, which is characteristic of tumor tissue

A

anaplasia

101
Q

hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium and phosphorus

A

parathyroid hormone

102
Q

congential anomaly located anterior to trachea, extending from the base of the tongue to the isthmus of the thyroid

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

103
Q

hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

104
Q

large muscles located anterolateral to the thyroid

A

sternocleidomastoid muscles

105
Q

area seen on nuclear medicine study as a region of thyroid where the radioisotope has not been taken up

A

cold nodule

106
Q

an autoimmune hyperthroidism caused by antibodies that continuously activate TSH receptors

A

Graves disease

107
Q

oversecretion of parathyroid hormones

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

108
Q

disorder associated with elevated serum calcium levels, usually caused by by benign parathyroid adenoma

A

hyperparathyroidism

109
Q

causing little pain or slow growing

A

indolent

110
Q

the band of thyroid tissue connecting the right and left lobes

A

isthmus

111
Q

most common inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

112
Q

Which of the following transducers would be appropriate for evaluation of the thyroid gland and neck on an average patient?
a. 7.5 MHz curvilinear
b. 5 MHz phased array
c. 5 MHz linear array
d. 12 MHz linear array

A

d

113
Q

The thyroid and parathyroid both have what common function?

A

endocrine glands

114
Q

What is the main function of the thyroid gland

A

regulation of the basal metabolic rate

115
Q

which of the following regarding the anatomy of the neck and thyroid gland is FALSE?
a. The strap muscles are anterolateral to the thyroid gland
b. The longus colli muscle is seen posterior to the thyroid gland
c. The trachea forms the lateral border of the thyroid gland
d. The common carotid artery and internal jugular vein are posterolateral to the thyroid gland

A

c

116
Q

Which of the following is NOT a strap muscle?
a. sternothyhroid muscle
b. sternohyoid muscle
c. sternocleidomastoid muscle
d. omohyoid muscle

A

c

117
Q

A radioiodine scintigraphy examination can be used to evalute thyroid nodules. Which of the following statements regarding this examination is FALSE?
a. Nodules may be classified as either hot or cold nodules
b. A hot nodule traps an excessive amount of isotope and is hyperfunctioning
c. A cold nodule does not absorb the isotope and demonstrates an area of decreased or absent activity
d. All cold nodules are malignant

A

d

118
Q

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Graves disease?
a. hyperthyroidism
b. elevated levels of T3 and T4
c. a shrunken echogenic thyroid gland
d. bulging of the eyes

A

c

119
Q

What is the most common functional disorder of the thyroid gland?

A

hypothyroidism

120
Q

A patient presents for evaluation of the thyroid gland with a history of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of this condition?
a. weight loss
b. cold inolerance
c. menstrual irregularities
d. fatigue

A

a

121
Q

On sonographic examination, your patient presents with an enlarged heterogeneous thyroid gland. The patient’s lab work is normal, and gthe patient is not experiencing any symptoms besides the palpable, enlarged gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

multibodular goiter

122
Q

What is the most common form of thyroid cancer?

A

papillary

123
Q

Which of the following characteristics increases the suspicion for malignancy in a thyroid nodule?
a. eggshell calcifications
b. hyperechogenicitiy
c. microcalcifications
d. peripheral calcifications

A

c

124
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of benigh thyroid nodules?
a. a uniform hypoechoic halo
b. avascularity
c. well-defined, regular margins
d. taller than wide shape

A

d

125
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a metastatic lymph node?
a. increasing size on serial examinations
b. microcalcifications
c. prominent fatty hilum
d. rounded, bulging shape

A

c

126
Q

Which type of thyroid cancer is seen in patients with a personal history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome?

A

medullary carcinoma

127
Q

Which aggressive form of thyroid cancer has a tendency to compress and destroy the local structures of the neck?

A

anaplastic carcinoma

128
Q

Fine-needle aspiration is NOT effective for diagnosing which form of thyroid carcinoma?

A

follicular carcinoma

129
Q

How many parathyroid glands do most adults have?

A

4

130
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

parathyroid adenoma

131
Q

While performing an examination of the thyroid gland, a small, solid, oval, homogeneously, hypoechoic mass is seen posterior to the mid-lateral lobe of the thyroid gland. This appears to be separate from the thyroid gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

parathyroid adenoma

132
Q

Which of the following muscles does not comprise the strap muscles?
a. infrahyoid
b. sternocleidomastoid
c. sternohyoid
d. omohyoid

A

b

133
Q

What statement is NOT true about the thyroid gland?
a. it is located below the larynx
b. it is a gland with low vascularity
c. A pyramidal lobe is present in approximately 10% of the population
d. It has a saddlebag appearance in cross section

A

b

134
Q

Which of the following falls in the normal range for the thyroid gland in the average adult?
a. 5 cm in length, 1.5 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
b. 4 cm in length, 3 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
c. 3 cm in length, 2 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
d. 6 cm in length, 2 cm in AP diameter, 3 cm in AP diameter

A

a

135
Q

How many lobes make up the thyroid gland?

A

2

136
Q

The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the

A

isthmus

137
Q

The longus colli neck muscle(s) are located

A

posterior to the thyroid

138
Q

All of the following increase the thyroid volume EXCEPT:
a. increased body weight
b. increased amounts of iodine intake
c. acute hepatitis
d. increased age

A

b

139
Q

The size and shape of thyroids vary; which measurement is used to determine if the thyroid is enlarged?

A

AP diameter

140
Q

Which of the following hormones controls the amount of thyroid secretion?
a. TSH
b. T3
c. T3
d. Calcitonin

A

a

141
Q

Which of the following hormones prevents hypercalcemia?
a. thyroxine
b. triiodothyronine
c. calcitonin
d. thyrotropin

A

c

142
Q

Which of the following represents the formula for thyroid volume?
a. length x width x thickness x 0.353
b. length x width x thickness x 0.459
c. length x width x thickness x 0.529
d. length x width x thickness x 0.642

A

c

143
Q

Which of the following would least likely be indicative of a goiter?
a. dysphagi
b. dyspnea
c. hoarseness
d. hypercalcemia

A

d

144
Q

Which of the following digestive enzymes is contained within saliva?
a. amylase
b. bile
c. sodium oxalate
d. acetaldehyde

A

a

145
Q

What is the main duct of the parotid gland?

A

Stenson duct

146
Q

Which of the following is also referred to as diffuse toxic goiter?
a. Hashimoto thyroiditis
b. Adenomatous goiter
c. Iodine defiency syndrome
d. Graves disease

A

d

147
Q

You are performing a transverse scan through the right lobe of the thyroid. You note that there are two anechoic circles immediately adjacent to the thyroid representing vascular structures. What jis the most lateral vessel?

A

External jugular vein

148
Q

A patient with hypercalcemia presents to the sonography department for a neck sonogram. What abnormality in the neck should be suspected?

A

parathyroid adenoma

149
Q

Benign congenital cysts located superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone are referred to as:

A

thyroglossal duct cysts

150
Q

Normally, how many parathyroid glands are found within the adult neck?

A

four

151
Q

A cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a:

A

branchial cleft cyst

152
Q

Which of the following would more likely be a malignant thyroid nodule?
a. hot nodule
b. cold nodule

A

b

153
Q

Parathyroid glands control the release and absorption of which nutrient?

A

calcium

154
Q

A normal lymph node will not measure greater than

A

10 mm

155
Q

With which of the following is elevated serum calcium associated?
a. Graves disease
b. Thyroglossal duct cyst
c. Parathyroid adenoma
d. Thyroid adenoma

A

c

156
Q

Which of the following best describes the normal appearance of a cervical lymph node?
a. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum
b. a rounded, echogenic structure with small calcifications
c. A solid, hypoechoic mass that measures greater than 1 cm
d. A solid, echogenic mass that measures less than 1 cm

A

a

157
Q

Which abnormality is associated with the sonographic findings of a thyroid inferno?
a. Hashimoto thyroiditis
b. Graves disease
c. Hyperparathyroidism
d. cervical lymphadenopathy

A

b

158
Q

All of the following are sonographic findings of malignant thyroid nodules except:
a. internal calcifications
b. hyperechoic mass
c. cervical node involvement
d. solitary mass

A

b

159
Q

All of the following are diagnostic findings of a likely benign thyroid nodule except:
a. anechoic nodule
b. eggshell calcification
c. hyperechoic nodule
d. cold nodule

A

d

160
Q

Which of the following is the most common form of thyroid cancer?
a. follicular
b. anaplastic.
c. lymphoma
d. papillary

A

d

161
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

162
Q

All of the following are sonographic findings of an abnormal lymph node except:
a. rounded shape
b. echogenic hilum
c. calcifications
d. enlargement

A

b

163
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

164
Q

Which gland is located immediately anterior to the ear?

A

parotid gland

165
Q

Which muscle does fibromatosis colli mostly affect?

A

sternocleidomastoid

166
Q

A 30 year old patient presents to the sonography department for a thyroid sonogram with a history of weight loss, hair loss, and hyperthyroidism. You note that the patient has bulging eyes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Graves disease

167
Q

The fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as

A

colloid

168
Q

In the presence of Hashimoto thyroiditis, the thyroid produces

A

too few thyroid hormones

169
Q

A 45 year old female patient presents to the sonography department with a palpable neck mass 6 months following a thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma. Which of the following would be the most likely etiology of the palpable mass?

A

lymphadenopathy

170
Q

Which of the following is the duct that drains the submandibular gland?
a. Stenson duct
b. Wharton duct
c. Seigel duct
d. Partridge duct

A

b

171
Q

Which of the following does the thyroid gland utilize to produce its hormones?
a. colloid
b. iodine
c. iron
d. calcium

A

b

172
Q

Which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe?

A

longus colli

173
Q

Which muscles are located lateral to each thyroid lobe>

A

sternocleidomastoid

174
Q

Which of the following is associated with congenital muscular torticollis?
a. fibromatosis colli
b. branchial cleft cyst
c. Pleomorphic adenoma
d. Sialadenosis

A

a

175
Q

What structure may be confused for a thyroid or parathyroid mass because of its relationship to the trachea and the posterior aspect of the left thyroid gland?

A

esophagus

176
Q

Which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes?

A

common carotid artery

177
Q

A thyroid isthmus that measures greater than ___ mm is indicative of thyroid enlargement

A

10

178
Q

Which of the following is the term for stones within the salivary duct?
a. Sjogren syndrome
b. torticollis
c. cervical lymphadenopathy
d. sialolithiasis

A

d

179
Q

Which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?

A

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Abdomen 2 (9 decks)

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