Abdomen 2 Thyroid and Parathyroid final review Flashcards
Which of the following muscles does not comprise the strap muscles?
a. infrahyoid
b. sternocleidomastoid
c. sternohyoid
d. omohyoid
b
Which statement is NOT true about the thyroid gland?
a. It is located below the larynx.
b. It is a gland with low vascularity
c. A pyramidal lobe is present in approximately 10% of the population
d. It has a saddlebag appearance in cross section
b
Which of the following falls in the normal range for the thyroid gland in the average adult?
a. 5 cm in length, 1.5 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
b. 4 cm in length, 3 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
c. 3 cm in length, 3 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
d. 6 cm in length, 2 cm in AP diameter, 3 cm in AP diameter
a
How many lobes make up the thyroid gland?
two
The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the:
isthmjus
The longus colli neck muscles are located:
posterior to the thyroid
All of the following increase the thyroid volume, EXCEPT:
a. increased body weight
b. increased amounts of iodine intake
c. acute hepatitis
d. increased age
b
The size and shape of thyroids vary; which measurement is used to determine if the thyroid is enlarged?
AP diameter
Which of the following hormones controls the amount of thyroid secretion?
a. TSH
b. T3
c. T3
d. Calcitonin
a
Which of the following hormones prevents hypercalcemia?
a. thyroxine
b. triiodothyronine
c. calcitonin
d. thyrotropin
c
Benign solid tumor of the parathyroid gland that secretes parathyroid hormone. solid tumor of the thyroid gland
adenoma
enlargement of the glands
adenopathy
a loss of differentiation of cell that is a characteristic of tumor tissue and occurs in most malignant tumors
anaplasia
enlargement of lymph nodes
cervical adenopathy
seen on a nuclear medicine study as a region of thyroid where the radioisotope has not been taken up; the area may correspond to a palpable mass
cold nodule (photon-deficient area)
The thyroid gland is producing the right amount of thyroid hormone is referred to as
euthyroid
invasive procedure using a small gauge needle to obtain a tissue specimen from a specific lesion
fine-needle aspiration (FNA)
Focal or diffuse thyroid gland enlargement due to iodine deficiency; multiple nodules may be present
goiter
an autoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by antibodies that continuously activate thyroid stimulating hormone receptors; it is characterized by enlarged thyroid, protrusion of eyeballs (exophthalmos), a rapid heartbeat, nervous excitability
Graves disease
most common inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland; usually occurs in genetically predisposed individuals, often presents in patients with other autoimmune disorders that may be associated with the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue, and often accompanied by marked hyperemia
Hashimoto thyroiditis
occurring at an abnormal place or upon the wrong part of the body
heterotopic
disorder associated with elevated serum calcium levels, usually caused by benign parathyroid adenoma
hyperparathyroidism
oversecretion of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism
low phosphate level that can be seen with hyperparathyroidism
hypophotophatasia
underactive thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
causing little pain or slow growing tumor
indolent
thin band of thyroid tissue connecting the right and left lobes
isthmus
wedge shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes
longus colli muscles
tiny hyperechoic foci that may or may not shadow; sometimes present within a thyroid nodule
microcalcification
most common form of thyroid cancer
papillary carcinmoa
hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulate serum calcium and phosphorus
parathyroid hormome
oversecretion of parathyroid hormones
hyperparathyroidism
lare muscles located anterolateral to the thyroid
sternocleidomastoid muscle
sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles located anterior to the thyroid
strap muscles
developmental fluid-filled spaces; congenital anomaly located anterior to the trachea extending from the base of the tongue to the isthmus of the thyroid gland
thyroglossal duct
increase in color doppler vascular flow in the thyroid
thyroid inferno
inflammation of the thyroid
thyroiditis
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine
thyroid stimulating hormone
the thyroid and parathyroid both have what common functions
both are endocrine glands
what is the main function of the thyroid gland
regulation of basal metabolic rate
what is the most common functional disorder of the thyroid gland
hypothyroidism
how many parathyroid glands do most adults have
4
what is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
the mean length of the thyroid is
40 to 60 mm
the mean AP diameter of the thyroid is
12 to 18 mm
the mean thickness of the isthmus is
4 to 6 mm
what three hormones does the thyroid secrete
triiodothyronine
thyroxine
calcitonin
what is needed to properly synthesize the thyroid hormones
iodine
the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein form the _______ border of the thyroid gland
posterior lateral
the echotexture of the normal thyroid gland is
homogeneous
the thyoid gland is _______ when compared to the adjacent musculature
hyperechoic
congential cyst of the neck that tend to midline
thyroglossal duct cyst
congenital cyst of the neck that tend to lie lateral to the carotid artery
brachial cleft cyst
hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of T3 and T4
thyrotoxicosis
the majority of patients with hyperthyroidism have _____ disease
graves
the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism is
hashimoto thyroiditis
papillary carcinoma most commonly occurs between the ages of
20 and 50
papillary carcinoma is three times more common in
women
A definitive diagnosis of papillary carcinoma can be made by
Fine needle aspiration
the overall survival rate for papillary carcinoma is:
98%
the parathyroid glands are responsible for producing
parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormones regulate the concentration of
calcium and phosphorus
dysphage is described as
difficulty swallowing
what is the medical term for bulging eyes?
exophthalmos
what is another name for a cystic hygroma
lymphangioma
a cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a
brachial cleft cyst
a normal lymph node will not measure greater than
10 mm
what sonographic findings are associated with a thyroid inferno?
increased vascularity
which abnormality is associated with sonographric findings of a thyroid inferno
Graves disease
The fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as:
triiodothyronine
which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes?
common carotid artery
a thyroid isthmus that measures greater than _____ is indicative of thyroid enlargement
10 mm
which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?
strap
what is the first branch of the external carotid artery?
superior thyroid
the superior extension of the thyroid isthmus is referred to as the
pyramidal lobe
which hormone is most abdundantly produced by the thyroid
thyroxine
difficulty breathing
dypsnea
hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules seen on nuclear medicine study that are almost always benign
hot nodules
elevated serum calcium
hypercalcemia
pediatric neck mass that consist of lymphatic fluid secondary to the blockage of lymphatic channels; may also be referred to as cystic hygroma, may occur in other parts of the body where lymphatic tissue exist
lymphangioma
clinical finding associated with Graves disease in which there is thickening of the skin and edema on the anterior legs
pretibial myxedema
a normal variant of the thyroid gland in which there is a superior extension of the isthmus
pyramidal lobe
nuclear medicine study in which a radiopharmaceutical is used to examine the thyroid gland
scintigraphy
the surgical removal of the thyroid or part of the thyroid
thyroidectomy
the fluid produced by the thyroid that contains thyroid hormones
colloid
focal or diffuse thyroid gland enlargement due to iodine deficiency
goiter
most common form of thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
inflammation of the thyroid
thyroiditis
underactive thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
thyroid gland is producing the right amount of thyroid hormome
euthyroid
increase in color Doppler vascular flow in the thyroid
thyroid inferno
Enlargement of the glands
adenopathy
wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes
longus colli muscles
occurring at an abnormal place or upon the wrong part of the body
heterotopic
sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles located anterior to the thyroid
strap muscles
invasive procedure using a small gauge needle to obtain a tissue specimen from a specific lesion
fine-needle aspiration
hyperechoic foci that may or may not shadow
microcalcification
low phosphatase level that can be seen with hyperparathyroidism
hypophotophasia
benign solid tumor
adenoma
loss of differentiation of cells, which is characteristic of tumor tissue
anaplasia
hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium and phosphorus
parathyroid hormone
congential anomaly located anterior to trachea, extending from the base of the tongue to the isthmus of the thyroid
thyroglossal duct cyst
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4
thyroid-stimulating hormone
large muscles located anterolateral to the thyroid
sternocleidomastoid muscles
area seen on nuclear medicine study as a region of thyroid where the radioisotope has not been taken up
cold nodule
an autoimmune hyperthroidism caused by antibodies that continuously activate TSH receptors
Graves disease
oversecretion of parathyroid hormones
primary hyperparathyroidism
disorder associated with elevated serum calcium levels, usually caused by by benign parathyroid adenoma
hyperparathyroidism
causing little pain or slow growing
indolent
the band of thyroid tissue connecting the right and left lobes
isthmus
most common inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Which of the following transducers would be appropriate for evaluation of the thyroid gland and neck on an average patient?
a. 7.5 MHz curvilinear
b. 5 MHz phased array
c. 5 MHz linear array
d. 12 MHz linear array
d
The thyroid and parathyroid both have what common function?
endocrine glands
What is the main function of the thyroid gland
regulation of the basal metabolic rate
which of the following regarding the anatomy of the neck and thyroid gland is FALSE?
a. The strap muscles are anterolateral to the thyroid gland
b. The longus colli muscle is seen posterior to the thyroid gland
c. The trachea forms the lateral border of the thyroid gland
d. The common carotid artery and internal jugular vein are posterolateral to the thyroid gland
c
Which of the following is NOT a strap muscle?
a. sternothyhroid muscle
b. sternohyoid muscle
c. sternocleidomastoid muscle
d. omohyoid muscle
c
A radioiodine scintigraphy examination can be used to evalute thyroid nodules. Which of the following statements regarding this examination is FALSE?
a. Nodules may be classified as either hot or cold nodules
b. A hot nodule traps an excessive amount of isotope and is hyperfunctioning
c. A cold nodule does not absorb the isotope and demonstrates an area of decreased or absent activity
d. All cold nodules are malignant
d
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Graves disease?
a. hyperthyroidism
b. elevated levels of T3 and T4
c. a shrunken echogenic thyroid gland
d. bulging of the eyes
c
What is the most common functional disorder of the thyroid gland?
hypothyroidism
A patient presents for evaluation of the thyroid gland with a history of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of this condition?
a. weight loss
b. cold inolerance
c. menstrual irregularities
d. fatigue
a
On sonographic examination, your patient presents with an enlarged heterogeneous thyroid gland. The patient’s lab work is normal, and gthe patient is not experiencing any symptoms besides the palpable, enlarged gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?
multibodular goiter
What is the most common form of thyroid cancer?
papillary
Which of the following characteristics increases the suspicion for malignancy in a thyroid nodule?
a. eggshell calcifications
b. hyperechogenicitiy
c. microcalcifications
d. peripheral calcifications
c
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of benigh thyroid nodules?
a. a uniform hypoechoic halo
b. avascularity
c. well-defined, regular margins
d. taller than wide shape
d
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a metastatic lymph node?
a. increasing size on serial examinations
b. microcalcifications
c. prominent fatty hilum
d. rounded, bulging shape
c
Which type of thyroid cancer is seen in patients with a personal history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome?
medullary carcinoma
Which aggressive form of thyroid cancer has a tendency to compress and destroy the local structures of the neck?
anaplastic carcinoma
Fine-needle aspiration is NOT effective for diagnosing which form of thyroid carcinoma?
follicular carcinoma
How many parathyroid glands do most adults have?
4
What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
parathyroid adenoma
While performing an examination of the thyroid gland, a small, solid, oval, homogeneously, hypoechoic mass is seen posterior to the mid-lateral lobe of the thyroid gland. This appears to be separate from the thyroid gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?
parathyroid adenoma
Which of the following muscles does not comprise the strap muscles?
a. infrahyoid
b. sternocleidomastoid
c. sternohyoid
d. omohyoid
b
What statement is NOT true about the thyroid gland?
a. it is located below the larynx
b. it is a gland with low vascularity
c. A pyramidal lobe is present in approximately 10% of the population
d. It has a saddlebag appearance in cross section
b
Which of the following falls in the normal range for the thyroid gland in the average adult?
a. 5 cm in length, 1.5 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
b. 4 cm in length, 3 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
c. 3 cm in length, 2 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
d. 6 cm in length, 2 cm in AP diameter, 3 cm in AP diameter
a
How many lobes make up the thyroid gland?
2
The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the
isthmus
The longus colli neck muscle(s) are located
posterior to the thyroid
All of the following increase the thyroid volume EXCEPT:
a. increased body weight
b. increased amounts of iodine intake
c. acute hepatitis
d. increased age
b
The size and shape of thyroids vary; which measurement is used to determine if the thyroid is enlarged?
AP diameter
Which of the following hormones controls the amount of thyroid secretion?
a. TSH
b. T3
c. T3
d. Calcitonin
a
Which of the following hormones prevents hypercalcemia?
a. thyroxine
b. triiodothyronine
c. calcitonin
d. thyrotropin
c
Which of the following represents the formula for thyroid volume?
a. length x width x thickness x 0.353
b. length x width x thickness x 0.459
c. length x width x thickness x 0.529
d. length x width x thickness x 0.642
c
Which of the following would least likely be indicative of a goiter?
a. dysphagi
b. dyspnea
c. hoarseness
d. hypercalcemia
d
Which of the following digestive enzymes is contained within saliva?
a. amylase
b. bile
c. sodium oxalate
d. acetaldehyde
a
What is the main duct of the parotid gland?
Stenson duct
Which of the following is also referred to as diffuse toxic goiter?
a. Hashimoto thyroiditis
b. Adenomatous goiter
c. Iodine defiency syndrome
d. Graves disease
d
You are performing a transverse scan through the right lobe of the thyroid. You note that there are two anechoic circles immediately adjacent to the thyroid representing vascular structures. What jis the most lateral vessel?
External jugular vein
A patient with hypercalcemia presents to the sonography department for a neck sonogram. What abnormality in the neck should be suspected?
parathyroid adenoma
Benign congenital cysts located superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone are referred to as:
thyroglossal duct cysts
Normally, how many parathyroid glands are found within the adult neck?
four
A cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a:
branchial cleft cyst
Which of the following would more likely be a malignant thyroid nodule?
a. hot nodule
b. cold nodule
b
Parathyroid glands control the release and absorption of which nutrient?
calcium
A normal lymph node will not measure greater than
10 mm
With which of the following is elevated serum calcium associated?
a. Graves disease
b. Thyroglossal duct cyst
c. Parathyroid adenoma
d. Thyroid adenoma
c
Which of the following best describes the normal appearance of a cervical lymph node?
a. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum
b. a rounded, echogenic structure with small calcifications
c. A solid, hypoechoic mass that measures greater than 1 cm
d. A solid, echogenic mass that measures less than 1 cm
a
Which abnormality is associated with the sonographic findings of a thyroid inferno?
a. Hashimoto thyroiditis
b. Graves disease
c. Hyperparathyroidism
d. cervical lymphadenopathy
b
All of the following are sonographic findings of malignant thyroid nodules except:
a. internal calcifications
b. hyperechoic mass
c. cervical node involvement
d. solitary mass
b
All of the following are diagnostic findings of a likely benign thyroid nodule except:
a. anechoic nodule
b. eggshell calcification
c. hyperechoic nodule
d. cold nodule
d
Which of the following is the most common form of thyroid cancer?
a. follicular
b. anaplastic.
c. lymphoma
d. papillary
d
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
All of the following are sonographic findings of an abnormal lymph node except:
a. rounded shape
b. echogenic hilum
c. calcifications
d. enlargement
b
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
Which gland is located immediately anterior to the ear?
parotid gland
Which muscle does fibromatosis colli mostly affect?
sternocleidomastoid
A 30 year old patient presents to the sonography department for a thyroid sonogram with a history of weight loss, hair loss, and hyperthyroidism. You note that the patient has bulging eyes. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Graves disease
The fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as
colloid
In the presence of Hashimoto thyroiditis, the thyroid produces
too few thyroid hormones
A 45 year old female patient presents to the sonography department with a palpable neck mass 6 months following a thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma. Which of the following would be the most likely etiology of the palpable mass?
lymphadenopathy
Which of the following is the duct that drains the submandibular gland?
a. Stenson duct
b. Wharton duct
c. Seigel duct
d. Partridge duct
b
Which of the following does the thyroid gland utilize to produce its hormones?
a. colloid
b. iodine
c. iron
d. calcium
b
Which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe?
longus colli
Which muscles are located lateral to each thyroid lobe>
sternocleidomastoid
Which of the following is associated with congenital muscular torticollis?
a. fibromatosis colli
b. branchial cleft cyst
c. Pleomorphic adenoma
d. Sialadenosis
a
What structure may be confused for a thyroid or parathyroid mass because of its relationship to the trachea and the posterior aspect of the left thyroid gland?
esophagus
Which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes?
common carotid artery
A thyroid isthmus that measures greater than ___ mm is indicative of thyroid enlargement
10
Which of the following is the term for stones within the salivary duct?
a. Sjogren syndrome
b. torticollis
c. cervical lymphadenopathy
d. sialolithiasis
d
Which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?
strap
