Abdomen 2 Thyroid and Parathyroid final review Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following muscles does not comprise the strap muscles?
a. infrahyoid
b. sternocleidomastoid
c. sternohyoid
d. omohyoid
A
b
2
Q
Which statement is NOT true about the thyroid gland?
a. It is located below the larynx.
b. It is a gland with low vascularity
c. A pyramidal lobe is present in approximately 10% of the population
d. It has a saddlebag appearance in cross section
A
b
3
Q
Which of the following falls in the normal range for the thyroid gland in the average adult?
a. 5 cm in length, 1.5 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
b. 4 cm in length, 3 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
c. 3 cm in length, 3 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
d. 6 cm in length, 2 cm in AP diameter, 3 cm in AP diameter
A
a
4
Q
How many lobes make up the thyroid gland?
A
two
5
Q
The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the:
A
isthmjus
6
Q
The longus colli neck muscles are located:
A
posterior to the thyroid
7
Q
All of the following increase the thyroid volume, EXCEPT:
a. increased body weight
b. increased amounts of iodine intake
c. acute hepatitis
d. increased age
A
b
8
Q
The size and shape of thyroids vary; which measurement is used to determine if the thyroid is enlarged?
A
AP diameter
9
Q
Which of the following hormones controls the amount of thyroid secretion?
a. TSH
b. T3
c. T3
d. Calcitonin
A
a
10
Q
Which of the following hormones prevents hypercalcemia?
a. thyroxine
b. triiodothyronine
c. calcitonin
d. thyrotropin
A
c
11
Q
Benign solid tumor of the parathyroid gland that secretes parathyroid hormone. solid tumor of the thyroid gland
A
adenoma
12
Q
enlargement of the glands
A
adenopathy
13
Q
a loss of differentiation of cell that is a characteristic of tumor tissue and occurs in most malignant tumors
A
anaplasia
14
Q
enlargement of lymph nodes
A
cervical adenopathy
15
Q
seen on a nuclear medicine study as a region of thyroid where the radioisotope has not been taken up; the area may correspond to a palpable mass
A
cold nodule (photon-deficient area)
16
Q
The thyroid gland is producing the right amount of thyroid hormone is referred to as
A
euthyroid
17
Q
invasive procedure using a small gauge needle to obtain a tissue specimen from a specific lesion
A
fine-needle aspiration (FNA)
18
Q
Focal or diffuse thyroid gland enlargement due to iodine deficiency; multiple nodules may be present
A
goiter
19
Q
an autoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by antibodies that continuously activate thyroid stimulating hormone receptors; it is characterized by enlarged thyroid, protrusion of eyeballs (exophthalmos), a rapid heartbeat, nervous excitability
A
Graves disease
20
Q
most common inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland; usually occurs in genetically predisposed individuals, often presents in patients with other autoimmune disorders that may be associated with the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue, and often accompanied by marked hyperemia
A
Hashimoto thyroiditis
21
Q
occurring at an abnormal place or upon the wrong part of the body
A
heterotopic
22
Q
disorder associated with elevated serum calcium levels, usually caused by benign parathyroid adenoma
A
hyperparathyroidism
23
Q
oversecretion of thyroid hormones
A
hyperthyroidism
24
Q
low phosphate level that can be seen with hyperparathyroidism
A
hypophotophatasia
25
underactive thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
26
causing little pain or slow growing tumor
indolent
27
thin band of thyroid tissue connecting the right and left lobes
isthmus
28
wedge shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes
longus colli muscles
29
tiny hyperechoic foci that may or may not shadow; sometimes present within a thyroid nodule
microcalcification
30
most common form of thyroid cancer
papillary carcinmoa
31
hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulate serum calcium and phosphorus
parathyroid hormome
32
oversecretion of parathyroid hormones
hyperparathyroidism
33
lare muscles located anterolateral to the thyroid
sternocleidomastoid muscle
34
sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles located anterior to the thyroid
strap muscles
35
developmental fluid-filled spaces; congenital anomaly located anterior to the trachea extending from the base of the tongue to the isthmus of the thyroid gland
thyroglossal duct
36
increase in color doppler vascular flow in the thyroid
thyroid inferno
37
inflammation of the thyroid
thyroiditis
38
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine
thyroid stimulating hormone
39
the thyroid and parathyroid both have what common functions
both are endocrine glands
40
what is the main function of the thyroid gland
regulation of basal metabolic rate
41
what is the most common functional disorder of the thyroid gland
hypothyroidism
42
how many parathyroid glands do most adults have
4
43
what is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
44
the mean length of the thyroid is
40 to 60 mm
45
the mean AP diameter of the thyroid is
12 to 18 mm
46
the mean thickness of the isthmus is
4 to 6 mm
47
what three hormones does the thyroid secrete
triiodothyronine
thyroxine
calcitonin
48
what is needed to properly synthesize the thyroid hormones
iodine
49
the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein form the _______ border of the thyroid gland
posterior lateral
50
the echotexture of the normal thyroid gland is
homogeneous
51
the thyoid gland is _______ when compared to the adjacent musculature
hyperechoic
52
congential cyst of the neck that tend to midline
thyroglossal duct cyst
53
congenital cyst of the neck that tend to lie lateral to the carotid artery
brachial cleft cyst
54
hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of T3 and T4
thyrotoxicosis
55
the majority of patients with hyperthyroidism have _____ disease
graves
56
the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism is
hashimoto thyroiditis
57
papillary carcinoma most commonly occurs between the ages of
20 and 50
58
papillary carcinoma is three times more common in
women
59
A definitive diagnosis of papillary carcinoma can be made by
Fine needle aspiration
60
the overall survival rate for papillary carcinoma is:
98%
61
the parathyroid glands are responsible for producing
parathyroid hormone
62
parathyroid hormones regulate the concentration of
calcium and phosphorus
63
dysphage is described as
difficulty swallowing
64
what is the medical term for bulging eyes?
exophthalmos
65
what is another name for a cystic hygroma
lymphangioma
66
a cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a
brachial cleft cyst
67
a normal lymph node will not measure greater than
10 mm
68
what sonographic findings are associated with a thyroid inferno?
increased vascularity
69
which abnormality is associated with sonographric findings of a thyroid inferno
Graves disease
70
The fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as:
triiodothyronine
71
which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes?
common carotid artery
72
a thyroid isthmus that measures greater than _____ is indicative of thyroid enlargement
10 mm
73
which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?
strap
74
what is the first branch of the external carotid artery?
superior thyroid
75
the superior extension of the thyroid isthmus is referred to as the
pyramidal lobe
76
which hormone is most abdundantly produced by the thyroid
thyroxine
77
difficulty breathing
dypsnea
78
hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules seen on nuclear medicine study that are almost always benign
hot nodules
79
elevated serum calcium
hypercalcemia
80
pediatric neck mass that consist of lymphatic fluid secondary to the blockage of lymphatic channels; may also be referred to as cystic hygroma, may occur in other parts of the body where lymphatic tissue exist
lymphangioma
81
clinical finding associated with Graves disease in which there is thickening of the skin and edema on the anterior legs
pretibial myxedema
82
a normal variant of the thyroid gland in which there is a superior extension of the isthmus
pyramidal lobe
83
nuclear medicine study in which a radiopharmaceutical is used to examine the thyroid gland
scintigraphy
84
the surgical removal of the thyroid or part of the thyroid
thyroidectomy
85
the fluid produced by the thyroid that contains thyroid hormones
colloid
86
focal or diffuse thyroid gland enlargement due to iodine deficiency
goiter
87
most common form of thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
88
inflammation of the thyroid
thyroiditis
89
underactive thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
90
thyroid gland is producing the right amount of thyroid hormome
euthyroid
91
increase in color Doppler vascular flow in the thyroid
thyroid inferno
92
Enlargement of the glands
adenopathy
93
wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes
longus colli muscles
94
occurring at an abnormal place or upon the wrong part of the body
heterotopic
95
sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles located anterior to the thyroid
strap muscles
96
invasive procedure using a small gauge needle to obtain a tissue specimen from a specific lesion
fine-needle aspiration
97
hyperechoic foci that may or may not shadow
microcalcification
98
low phosphatase level that can be seen with hyperparathyroidism
hypophotophasia
99
benign solid tumor
adenoma
100
loss of differentiation of cells, which is characteristic of tumor tissue
anaplasia
101
hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium and phosphorus
parathyroid hormone
102
congential anomaly located anterior to trachea, extending from the base of the tongue to the isthmus of the thyroid
thyroglossal duct cyst
103
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4
thyroid-stimulating hormone
104
large muscles located anterolateral to the thyroid
sternocleidomastoid muscles
105
area seen on nuclear medicine study as a region of thyroid where the radioisotope has not been taken up
cold nodule
106
an autoimmune hyperthroidism caused by antibodies that continuously activate TSH receptors
Graves disease
107
oversecretion of parathyroid hormones
primary hyperparathyroidism
108
disorder associated with elevated serum calcium levels, usually caused by by benign parathyroid adenoma
hyperparathyroidism
109
causing little pain or slow growing
indolent
110
the band of thyroid tissue connecting the right and left lobes
isthmus
111
most common inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland
Hashimoto thyroiditis
112
Which of the following transducers would be appropriate for evaluation of the thyroid gland and neck on an average patient?
a. 7.5 MHz curvilinear
b. 5 MHz phased array
c. 5 MHz linear array
d. 12 MHz linear array
d
113
The thyroid and parathyroid both have what common function?
endocrine glands
114
What is the main function of the thyroid gland
regulation of the basal metabolic rate
115
which of the following regarding the anatomy of the neck and thyroid gland is FALSE?
a. The strap muscles are anterolateral to the thyroid gland
b. The longus colli muscle is seen posterior to the thyroid gland
c. The trachea forms the lateral border of the thyroid gland
d. The common carotid artery and internal jugular vein are posterolateral to the thyroid gland
c
116
Which of the following is NOT a strap muscle?
a. sternothyhroid muscle
b. sternohyoid muscle
c. sternocleidomastoid muscle
d. omohyoid muscle
c
117
A radioiodine scintigraphy examination can be used to evalute thyroid nodules. Which of the following statements regarding this examination is FALSE?
a. Nodules may be classified as either hot or cold nodules
b. A hot nodule traps an excessive amount of isotope and is hyperfunctioning
c. A cold nodule does not absorb the isotope and demonstrates an area of decreased or absent activity
d. All cold nodules are malignant
d
118
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Graves disease?
a. hyperthyroidism
b. elevated levels of T3 and T4
c. a shrunken echogenic thyroid gland
d. bulging of the eyes
c
119
What is the most common functional disorder of the thyroid gland?
hypothyroidism
120
A patient presents for evaluation of the thyroid gland with a history of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of this condition?
a. weight loss
b. cold inolerance
c. menstrual irregularities
d. fatigue
a
121
On sonographic examination, your patient presents with an enlarged heterogeneous thyroid gland. The patient's lab work is normal, and gthe patient is not experiencing any symptoms besides the palpable, enlarged gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?
multibodular goiter
122
What is the most common form of thyroid cancer?
papillary
123
Which of the following characteristics increases the suspicion for malignancy in a thyroid nodule?
a. eggshell calcifications
b. hyperechogenicitiy
c. microcalcifications
d. peripheral calcifications
c
124
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of benigh thyroid nodules?
a. a uniform hypoechoic halo
b. avascularity
c. well-defined, regular margins
d. taller than wide shape
d
125
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a metastatic lymph node?
a. increasing size on serial examinations
b. microcalcifications
c. prominent fatty hilum
d. rounded, bulging shape
c
126
Which type of thyroid cancer is seen in patients with a personal history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome?
medullary carcinoma
127
Which aggressive form of thyroid cancer has a tendency to compress and destroy the local structures of the neck?
anaplastic carcinoma
128
Fine-needle aspiration is NOT effective for diagnosing which form of thyroid carcinoma?
follicular carcinoma
129
How many parathyroid glands do most adults have?
4
130
What is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism?
parathyroid adenoma
131
While performing an examination of the thyroid gland, a small, solid, oval, homogeneously, hypoechoic mass is seen posterior to the mid-lateral lobe of the thyroid gland. This appears to be separate from the thyroid gland. What is the most likely diagnosis?
parathyroid adenoma
132
Which of the following muscles does not comprise the strap muscles?
a. infrahyoid
b. sternocleidomastoid
c. sternohyoid
d. omohyoid
b
133
What statement is NOT true about the thyroid gland?
a. it is located below the larynx
b. it is a gland with low vascularity
c. A pyramidal lobe is present in approximately 10% of the population
d. It has a saddlebag appearance in cross section
b
134
Which of the following falls in the normal range for the thyroid gland in the average adult?
a. 5 cm in length, 1.5 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
b. 4 cm in length, 3 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
c. 3 cm in length, 2 cm in AP diameter, 2 cm in width
d. 6 cm in length, 2 cm in AP diameter, 3 cm in AP diameter
a
135
How many lobes make up the thyroid gland?
2
136
The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the
isthmus
137
The longus colli neck muscle(s) are located
posterior to the thyroid
138
All of the following increase the thyroid volume EXCEPT:
a. increased body weight
b. increased amounts of iodine intake
c. acute hepatitis
d. increased age
b
139
The size and shape of thyroids vary; which measurement is used to determine if the thyroid is enlarged?
AP diameter
140
Which of the following hormones controls the amount of thyroid secretion?
a. TSH
b. T3
c. T3
d. Calcitonin
a
141
Which of the following hormones prevents hypercalcemia?
a. thyroxine
b. triiodothyronine
c. calcitonin
d. thyrotropin
c
142
Which of the following represents the formula for thyroid volume?
a. length x width x thickness x 0.353
b. length x width x thickness x 0.459
c. length x width x thickness x 0.529
d. length x width x thickness x 0.642
c
143
Which of the following would least likely be indicative of a goiter?
a. dysphagi
b. dyspnea
c. hoarseness
d. hypercalcemia
d
144
Which of the following digestive enzymes is contained within saliva?
a. amylase
b. bile
c. sodium oxalate
d. acetaldehyde
a
145
What is the main duct of the parotid gland?
Stenson duct
146
Which of the following is also referred to as diffuse toxic goiter?
a. Hashimoto thyroiditis
b. Adenomatous goiter
c. Iodine defiency syndrome
d. Graves disease
d
147
You are performing a transverse scan through the right lobe of the thyroid. You note that there are two anechoic circles immediately adjacent to the thyroid representing vascular structures. What jis the most lateral vessel?
External jugular vein
148
A patient with hypercalcemia presents to the sonography department for a neck sonogram. What abnormality in the neck should be suspected?
parathyroid adenoma
149
Benign congenital cysts located superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone are referred to as:
thyroglossal duct cysts
150
Normally, how many parathyroid glands are found within the adult neck?
four
151
A cystic mass noted at the mandibular angle is most likely a:
branchial cleft cyst
152
Which of the following would more likely be a malignant thyroid nodule?
a. hot nodule
b. cold nodule
b
153
Parathyroid glands control the release and absorption of which nutrient?
calcium
154
A normal lymph node will not measure greater than
10 mm
155
With which of the following is elevated serum calcium associated?
a. Graves disease
b. Thyroglossal duct cyst
c. Parathyroid adenoma
d. Thyroid adenoma
c
156
Which of the following best describes the normal appearance of a cervical lymph node?
a. a hypoechoic, oblong structure with a distinct echogenic hilum
b. a rounded, echogenic structure with small calcifications
c. A solid, hypoechoic mass that measures greater than 1 cm
d. A solid, echogenic mass that measures less than 1 cm
a
157
Which abnormality is associated with the sonographic findings of a thyroid inferno?
a. Hashimoto thyroiditis
b. Graves disease
c. Hyperparathyroidism
d. cervical lymphadenopathy
b
158
All of the following are sonographic findings of malignant thyroid nodules except:
a. internal calcifications
b. hyperechoic mass
c. cervical node involvement
d. solitary mass
b
159
All of the following are diagnostic findings of a likely benign thyroid nodule except:
a. anechoic nodule
b. eggshell calcification
c. hyperechoic nodule
d. cold nodule
d
160
Which of the following is the most common form of thyroid cancer?
a. follicular
b. anaplastic.
c. lymphoma
d. papillary
d
161
What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto thyroiditis
162
All of the following are sonographic findings of an abnormal lymph node except:
a. rounded shape
b. echogenic hilum
c. calcifications
d. enlargement
b
163
What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
164
Which gland is located immediately anterior to the ear?
parotid gland
165
Which muscle does fibromatosis colli mostly affect?
sternocleidomastoid
166
A 30 year old patient presents to the sonography department for a thyroid sonogram with a history of weight loss, hair loss, and hyperthyroidism. You note that the patient has bulging eyes. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Graves disease
167
The fluid produced by the thyroid gland that contains thyroid hormones is referred to as
colloid
168
In the presence of Hashimoto thyroiditis, the thyroid produces
too few thyroid hormones
169
A 45 year old female patient presents to the sonography department with a palpable neck mass 6 months following a thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma. Which of the following would be the most likely etiology of the palpable mass?
lymphadenopathy
170
Which of the following is the duct that drains the submandibular gland?
a. Stenson duct
b. Wharton duct
c. Seigel duct
d. Partridge duct
b
171
Which of the following does the thyroid gland utilize to produce its hormones?
a. colloid
b. iodine
c. iron
d. calcium
b
172
Which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe?
longus colli
173
Which muscles are located lateral to each thyroid lobe>
sternocleidomastoid
174
Which of the following is associated with congenital muscular torticollis?
a. fibromatosis colli
b. branchial cleft cyst
c. Pleomorphic adenoma
d. Sialadenosis
a
175
What structure may be confused for a thyroid or parathyroid mass because of its relationship to the trachea and the posterior aspect of the left thyroid gland?
esophagus
176
Which vascular structure is located closest to the thyroid lobes?
common carotid artery
177
A thyroid isthmus that measures greater than ___ mm is indicative of thyroid enlargement
10
178
Which of the following is the term for stones within the salivary duct?
a. Sjogren syndrome
b. torticollis
c. cervical lymphadenopathy
d. sialolithiasis
d
179
Which muscles are located anterior to the thyroid gland?
strap
