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Abdomen 2 > abdomen 2 scrotal and penile sonography final review > Flashcards

abdomen 2 scrotal and penile sonography final review Flashcards

1
Q

The remnant of what structure is known as the scrotal ligament?

A

gubernaculum

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2
Q

The scrotum is divided into two compartments: externally by _____ and internally by ______

A

contractions help testicles drop from inguinal canal into scrotum

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3
Q

The cremaster muscle surrounds each testicle and performs what important function?

A

contractions regulate internal temperature of testicles

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4
Q

This dense, white fibrous tissue covers the testis and forms the mediastinum testis and interlobar septa:

A

tunica albuginea

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5
Q

The septa of the mediastinum radiate into the tesicle and separate into how many lobules?

A

200-300

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6
Q

The epididymis is composed mostly of this single convoluted tubule:

A

Ductus epididymis

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7
Q

This structure is divided into globus major, corpus and globus minor:

A

epididymis

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8
Q

The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum are three cylindrical masses of tissue of what structure?

A

penis

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9
Q

Sonographically, normal testicular parenchyma is homogeneous and similiar in appearance to:

A

thyroid

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10
Q

This is a network of fibrous connective tissue continuous with the tunica albuginea that invaginates the posterior aspect of the testis and encloses the rete testis:

A

mediastinum testes

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11
Q

The testis are classified as:

A

exocrine and endocrine glands

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12
Q

The epididymis empties into the:

A

ductus deferens

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13
Q

The epididymal head is connected to which portion of the testis?

A

superior

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14
Q

The median raphe divides the:

A

scrotum into two testicles

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15
Q

Convoluted semineferous tubules connect to straight tubules, which empty into the:

A

rete testis

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16
Q

Normal intratesticular arterial flow should exhibit:

A

low vascularity

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17
Q

Excess fluid between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis is termed:

A

hydrocele

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18
Q

The temperature of the testis is regulated by the:

A

pampiniform plexus

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19
Q

Which of the following is a branch of the testicular artery that courses between the septa and supplies the testicular parenchyma?
a. centripetal artery
b. capsular artery
c. cremasteric artery
d. deferential artery

A

a

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20
Q

what is the echogenicity of the mediastinum testes?

A

high echogenicity

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21
Q

You receive a request to evaluate a child with a history of undescended testis. Where are the majority of undescended testes located?

A

in the inguinal canal

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22
Q

Which of the following is NOT located within the scrotum?
a. testes
b. seminal vesicles
c. spermatic cord
d. epididymis

A

b

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23
Q

While performing a sonographic examination of the scrotum, you suspect a varicocele is present. What is the normal measurement of the veins in the pampiniform plexus?

A

less than 2 mm

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24
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the anatomical division of the epididymis?
a. tail
b. body
c. neck
d. head

A

c

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25
Q

While obtaining a patient’s history, you learn that he has had a vasectomy. Which of the following scrotal pathologies is NOT more common in patients who have had a vasectomy?
a. spermatocele
b. epididymal cyst
c. seminoma
d. dilatation of the rete testis

A

c

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26
Q

Which of the following is the fibrous sheath that covers and protects the testis and also makes up the mediastinum testis?
a. tunica albuginea
b. tunica vaginalis
c. tunica gubernaclum
d. tunica parietalis

A

a

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27
Q

Which of the following undergoes tubular ectasia caused by dilatation of the semineferous tubules and is associated with epididymal cysts and spermatoceles?
a. mediastinum testis
b. rete testis
c. tunical vaginalis
d. tunica albuginea
e. dilatation of the semineferous tubules is refrred to as tubular ectasia of the rete testis. This is often seen bilaterally and is assocatited with epididymal cysts and spermatoceles

A

b

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28
Q

which of the following statements regarding the testicular veins is FALSE?
a. The testis is drained by the veins of the pampiniform plexus
b. The veins of the pampiniform plexus emply into the testicular veins
c. the right testicular vein drains directing into the IVC
d. The left testicular vein drains directly into the IVC

A

d

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29
Q

A patient with a history of undescended testis is NOT at an increased risk for which of the following?
a. seminoma
b. testicular torsion
c. infertility
d. teratoma

A

d

30
Q

What is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain

A

epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis

31
Q

between what ages is testicular torsion most common

A

12 to 18

32
Q

In young men, what is the most common cause of epididymitis

A

sexually transmitted disease

33
Q

What is a collection of serous fluid located between the layers of the tunica vaginalis called?

A

hydrocele

34
Q

A patient presents for a scrotal sonogram with a history of vasectomy and scrotal discomfort. Multiple cystic structures are seen in both testes along the mediastinum testis. Color Doppler does not demonstrate any flow in these cystic structures. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

tubular ectasia of the rete testis

35
Q

A 26-year-old man presents with fever, scrotal pain, and swelling. The sonogram shows an enlarged hypoechoic epididymis with hyperemia. A small hydrocele is noted. The testis appear normal. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

epididymitis

36
Q

What is the most common correctable cause of male infertility?

A

varicocele

37
Q

A 42 year old patient presents with a painless right scrotal mass. Sonographically, a 2.5 cm, irregular, hypoechoic mass is seen in the mid-right testis. Color Doppler demonstrates hyperemia. The remainder of the scrotum, including the scrotal wall, appears normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

seminoma

38
Q

A patient presents for a scrotal sonogram with a history of infertility. The testes appear normal bilaterally. Superior to the testes, multiple cystic structures are seen. The largest of these structures measure 4 mm. Color Doppler demonstrates flow within these structures and increased flow is seen when the patient is asked to perform the Valsalva maneuver. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

varicocele

39
Q

What is the most common sonographic appearance of a malignant testicular mass?

A

cystic mass with ring calcifications

40
Q

Which of the following lab values may be elevated with a testicular malignancy?

A

AFP

41
Q

The length of each seminal vesicle measures approximately

A

5 cm

42
Q

With age, the prostate sometimes

A

enlarges

43
Q

Of the glandular prostate, the transition zone accounts for about

A

5%

44
Q

Seminal vesicles in the long axis are seen using which scanning plane?

A

transverse

45
Q

The prostate gland is sonographically

A

heterogeneous

46
Q

True or false

The prostate gland and seminal vesicles contribute to sperm viability by secreting alkaline fluids

A

true

47
Q

true or false

The fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles constitutes about 33% of semen volume

A

false

48
Q

true or false

The seminal vesicles empty into the distal ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts

A

true

49
Q

The transabdominal approach is superior for scanning the seminal vesicles and prostate

A

false

50
Q

The prostate gland consists of a small anterior verumontanum and a much larger posterior glandular region

A

false

51
Q

The remnant of what structure is known as the scrotal ligament?

A

Gubernaculum

52
Q

The scrotum is divided into two compartments: externally by ______and internally by ______

A

median raphe; tunica dartos

53
Q

The cremaster muscle surrounds each testicle and performs what important function?

A

contractions regulate internal temperature of testicles

54
Q

This dense, white fibrous tissue covers the testis and forms the mediastinum testis and interlobar septa:

A

tunica albuginea

55
Q

The septa of the mediastinum radiate into the testicle and separate into how many lobules?

A

200-300

56
Q

The epididymis is composed mostly of this single convoluted tubule

A

ductus epididymis

57
Q

this structure is divided into globus major, corpus, and globus minor

A

epididymis

58
Q

The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum are three cylindrical masses of tissue of what structure

A

penis

59
Q

Sonographically, normal testicular parenchyma is homogeneous and similiar in appearance to

A

thyroid

60
Q

This is a network of fibrous connective tissue continuous with the tunica albuginea that invaginates the posterior aspect of the testis and encloses the rete testis

A

mediastinum testis

61
Q

Which statement is incorrect about the seminal vesicles?
a. they are paired glands
b. they are posterior to the urinary bladder and inferior to the prostate
c. each gland empties into the distal ductus vas deferens
d. they help form the ejaculatory duct

A

b

62
Q

Denonvillier’s fascia

A

lies between the prostate and rectum

63
Q

The prostate is supported by

A

the obturator internus and levator ani muscles

64
Q

The area close to the center of the prostate is called

A

verumontanum

65
Q

When imaging or describing the glandular prostate, the best technique to describe the prostate is to use

A

zones

66
Q

The biggest portion of the glandular prostate is the

A

peripheral zone

67
Q

The peripheral zone comprises what percentage of the glandular prostate?

A

70 %

68
Q

Semen is composed of

A

60% alkaline fructose, 13-33% alkaline fluid, and sperm

69
Q

The part of the prostate that provides an exit from the urethra is:

A

the apex

70
Q

The cyst that is associated with genital anomalies such as hypospadias?

A

utricle cyst

Abdomen 2 (9 decks)

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