Abdomen 2 final Spleen Review Flashcards
removal of abnormal red blood cells from the blood by the spleen
culling
red blood cell
erythrocyte
produces erythrocytes, as well as white blood cells, in the developing fetus. In the adult, red blood cell production is performed only in cases of severe hemolytic anemia
hematopoiesis
oxygen carrying and iron containing pigment of red blood cells
hemoglobin
removal of worn out and abnormal red blood cells and platelets from the bloodstream by phagocyte cells in the spleen
phagocytosis
removal of nuclei from old red blood cells by the spleen without destroying the cell
pitting
along with white pulp, comprises spleen parenchyma. Where worn-out red blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed. Consists of splenic sinuses and splenic cords
Red pukp
has the responsibility of phagocytosis (enguling and destroying) of damaged or old cells and their debris, foreign materials, and pathogens, taking them out of the circulating blood. Reticuloendothelial cells are found in the spleen, as well as in the Kupffer cells of the liver, lymph nodes, alveoli, brain, blood vessels, and mucous membranes
reticuloendothelial system
arises from the celiac axis of the abdominal aorta and travels laterally toward the left to supply the spleen with oxygen-rich blood
splenic artery
this portion of the spleen, located medially, is where the vasculature enters and exits
splenic hilum
conveys venous blood from the spleen, running medially along the gastrolienal ligament to its confluence with the superior mesenteric vein posterior to the neck of the pancreas to form the portal vein.
splenic vein
along with red pulp, comprises spleen parenchyma. Where immune functions takes place. Consists of lymphatic tissue containing lymphocytes and monocytes that continually produce and are active in ingesting and digesting harmful pathogens that enter the bloodstream
white pulp
What anatomy forms the anterior border of the spleen?
stomach
what pathology is the spleen at an increased risk of developing because intrasplenic arteries do not anastamose or communicate to create collateral flow?
infarction
Which splenic variant rarely presents with torsion or infarction associated with acute left upper quadrant pain?
accessory spleen
Which variant of normal is associated with a high incidence of splenic torsion and infarction?
wandering spleen
which term defines the spleens activity to remove cells lacking the biconcave shape of normal red blood cells?
culling function
which term describes an abnormally low white blood cell count?
leukopenia
what examination is invaluable in illuminating hypoechoic vascular lesions that may be overlooked with gray scale imaging?
color Doppler
what is an advantage of including images of the spleen on expiration as part of the sonography examination?
eliminates shadowing by excluding lung base
what is one of the most common splenic enlargment abnormalities observed in sonography?
splenomegaly
which pathology is a common cause of splenomegaly?
a. gaucher disease with presence of diffuse splenic nodules
b. splenic calcification associated with sickle cell disease
c. portal hypertension often associated with liver cirrhosis
d. pancreatitis associated with diabetes
c
which cysts arise from epithelial or endothelial lining?
true cysts
which of the following is associated with a high mortality rate?
a. ruptured pseudocyst
b. blunt abdominal trauma
c. splenic calcification
d. splenic infarct
b
what is the most common malignant disease to affect the spleen?
lymphoma
what is the most common benign vascular neoplasm of the spleen?
hemangioma
the splenic vein conveys venous blood from the spleen and courses along the gastrolienal ligament to its confluence with:
SMV
All of the following are function of the spleen except:
a. defense
b. hematopoeisis
c. serves as a blood reservoir
d. stores bile
stores bile
Which of the following statements regarding the anatomy of the spleen is FALSE?
a. the spleen is surrounded by a fibrous capsule
b. the spleen is a retroperitoneal organ
c. the spleen is located in the left hypochondrium
d. the spleen lies posterior to the stomach
b
the splenic artery is a terminal branch of which artery?
celiac artery
which of the following ligaments does NOT help stablize the spleen?
a. falciform ligament
b. lienorenal ligament
c. gastrosplenic ligament
d. phrenocolic ligament
a
where is the spleen located?
lateral to the left kidney
the spleen is considered enlarged when its length is greater than what measurement?
13 cm
what is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?
spleen
the splenic artery branches off which artery to supply blood to the spleen?
celiac artery
what sinosoid function removes imperfect red blood cells?
macrophages
while scanning the spleen, you notice a small round mass that appears to be separate from the spleen in region of the splenic hilum. The echotexture of the mass is similiar to that of the spleen. What is the most likely diagnosis?
accessory spleen
what function requires B and T cells?
immunology
while performing an abdominal sonography, you are having difficulty locating the spleen in its normal location in the left upper quadrant. As you scan the entire left side, you located what appears to be the spleen in the lower left quadrant. What is the most likely explanation of this finding?
wandering spleen
what splenic function removes senscent, defective red blood cells?
culling
a wandering spleen is at an increased risk of acquiring which of the following conditions?
a. splenic rupture
b. torsion and infarction
c. splenomegaly
d. leukemia and lymphoma
b
what is the normal anatomic location of the spleen?
peritoneal cavity
which of the following statements regarding the function of red pulp is FALSE?
a. red pulp is responsible for erythropoetisis throughout our lives
b. in cases of severe hemorrhage, the red pulp may release its reservoir into the bloodstream
c. red pulp is responsible for the removal or worn-out red blood cells
d. red pulp removes defective cells such as sickle and thalassemic cells from circulation
a
for the spleen, what is considered a relatively common anatomic variant?
wandering spleen
leukocytosis is the typical response to which of the following conditions?
a. lupus ereythematous
b. chemotherapy
c. bacterial infection
d. hemorrhage
c
focal hypoechoic vascular lesions may be more easily seen employing what technique?
color Doppler
what is leukopenia?
frequently a side effect of chemotherapy
the spleen is more susceptible to what pathology when there are no adequate anastamoses between the arteries in the spleen?
infarction
what is the normal echogenicity of the spleen
isoechoic to the liver
what may be the etiology of the spleen?
hypersplenism
what is the most common sonographically visualized abnormality of the spleen?
splenomegaly
what is an explanation if the sonographer is having difficulty visualizing the anterior and inferior portions of the spleen because of shadowing artifacts
air in the left colic flexure
what is the most common cause of splenomegaly?
portal hypertension
leukocytosis may result from what condition?
hemorrhage
while scanning the spleen, you notice multiple enlarged tortuous vessels in the splenic hilum. Color Doppler confirms that they are vascular in nature. Dilated vessels are also noted within the splenic parenchyma. What is the most likely cause of these findings?
portal hypertension with collateral varices
what is the splenic shape or appearance on transverse sections?
crecentic
sonographically, what is the splenic echogenicity when splenomegaly occurs?
could by hyperechoic, or hypoechoic but does not correlate with cause of enlargement
what is a likely explanation for a large palpable left upper quadrant mass seen on a patient with leukocytosis?
splenomegaly
what can be sonographically demonstrated on a patient with histoplasmosis?
calcification
which of the following is NOT included as a focal lesion of the spleen?
a. cysts
b. infarcts
c. splenomegaly
d. granulomas
c
a patient with sickle cell anemia disease presents for an abdominal sonogram complaining of recent left upper quadrant pain. A hypoechoic wedge shaped lesion is seen in the spleen? What is this typical of?
splenic infarcts
A 10 year old patient presents for an abdominal sonogram following blunt abdominal trauma that occurred during a bicycle accident. Which of the following would be an unusual finding in this patient?
a. subcapsular hematoma
b. free fluid in the peritoneum
c. hematoma within the splenic parenchyma
d. varices in the splenic hilum
d
Splenic calcifications usually result from which disease?
granulomatous
Which of the following may cause a small, shrunken spleen?
a. mononucleosis
b. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
c. sickle cell anemia
d. portal hypertension
sickle cell anemia
The splenic artery arises from the ____.
c
which artery is a branch of the splenic artery?
a. LGA
b. SGA
c. right gastroepiploic artery
d. IMA
b
The primary component of white pulp is:
malpighian corpuscles
The average volume of the adult spleen is about ____.
200 mL
The removal of nuclei from old red blood cells without damage to the cells is called:
pitting
the most abundant pigment released by the spleen during red blood cell removal is:
hemosiderin
the component of the spleen that is responsible for immune function is:
white pulp
the oxygen-containing and iron-containing pigment of red blood cells is:
hemoglobin
the removal of abnormal blood cells is:
culling
which of the following is indicative of an infection in the blood?
a. bacteremia
b. leukocytosis
c. leukopenia
d. hematocrit
b
The spleen is an ______ structure.
intraperitoneal
The normal spleen weighs about _____ grams or mL.
350
An enlarged spleen is termed:
splenomegaly
Echo pattern of an infarcted spleen
heterogeneous with tortuous enlarged vessels. Hpoechoic wedge shape or round shape along border of parenchyma
what is the most common primary carcinoma of the spleen?
lymphoma
what is the most common malignancy to metastasize to the spleen?
melanoma
The average volume of the adult spleen is
200 mL
the removal of nuclei from old red blood cells without damage to the cells is called
pitting
What is the most common sonographically visualized abnormality of the spleen
splenomegaly
The component of the spleen that is responsible for the immune functions is the
white pulp
The spleen is considered enlarged when its measurement is greater than
13 cm
splenic calcifications usually result from
granulomatous
During an exam of the spleen a hypoechoic wedge shaped lesion is seen in the spleen. What is this typical of?
infarction
Tissue death caused by an interruption of the blood supply
infarct
decreased white blood cell count, possibly the result of viral infection or leukemia
leukopenia
red blood cell; contains hemoglobin
erythrocyte
elevated white blood cell count, usually due to infection
leukocytosis
white blood cell; protects and fights against infection in the body
leukocyte
process used by the red pulp to destroy old red blood cells
phagocytosis
laboratory value of the percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells
hematocrit
the splenic artery arises from
celiac artery
a wandering spleen is at an increased risk of acquiring ____.
torsion and infarction
_____ is respobsible for the removal of worn out red blood cells
red pulp
Leukocytosis is the typical response to
bacterial infections
Normal echogenicity of the spleen
isoechoic to the liver
what is the most common cause of splenomegaly
portal hypertension
______ may cause a small shrunken spleen
sickle cell anemia
while scanning the spleen, you notice multiple enlarged tortuous vessels in the splenic hilum. Color doppler confirms that they are vascular in nature. Dilated vessels are also noted within the parenchyma
Portal hypertension with collateral vessels
A patient with sickle cell disease presents for an abdominal sonogram complaining of recent left upper quadrant pain. A hypoechoic wedge shaped lesion is seen in the spleen. What is this typical of?
splenic infarct
The spleen is located in the _____ cavity and is covered by peritoneum except at the ____.
peritoneal
splenic hilum
______ is a very rare condition that leads to a congenital absence of the spleen
asplenia
The removal of defective and worn-out red blood cells occurs in the cords of ______.
Biliroth
The most common benign vascular lesion of the spleen is the
hemangioma
What projects from the splenic capsule and divides the spleen into several compartments?
trabeculae
What anatomy is located on the anterior border of the spleen?
stomach
In the spleen, which structure is made up of lymph tissues arranged around splenic arterioles?
white pukp
What is the spleen’s function in the embryological stage of development?
hematopoiesis
Where is the principle site of filtration within the spleen?
red pukp
What splenic function removes iron and other substances from erythrocytes?
pitting
Which patient position is best for scanning the normal adult spleen?
right lateral decubitus
What ligament attaches the spleen to the greater curvature of the stomach?
gastrosplenic
what term describes the echogenicity of the normal splenic parenchyma when compared to the liver?
heterogeneous
What is the normal sonographic appearance of the spleen?
homogeneous
Leukopenia may result from what condition?
anaphylactic shock
what process contributes to an acquired aplasia and hypoplasia?
repeated infarctions
What sinusoid function removes imperfect red blood cells?
macrophage
What function requires B cells and T cells?
immunology
What is the normal anatomic location of the spleen?
peritoneal cavity
The splenic vein conveys venous blood from the spleen and courses along the gastrolienal ligament to its confluence with the
superior mesenteric vein
All of the following are functions of the spleen except:
a. defense
b. hematopoeisis
c. serves as a blood reservoir
d. stores bile
d
the process of removing abnormal red blood cells by the spleen
culling
oxygen-carrying and iron-containing pigment of red blood cells
hemoglobin
the process that produces erythrocytes and white blood cells in the developing fetus
hematopoeisis
the term for a red blood cell
erythrocyte
the process of removing nuclei from old red blood cells
pitting
responsible for phagocytosis of damaged or old cells
reticuloendothelial system
found in the spleen, consists of lymphatic tissue, and is where immune functions take place
white pulp
the process of removing worn-out and abnormal red blood cells and platelets from the bloodstream by phagocyte cells in the spleen
phagocytosis
