Abdomen 2 final Gastrointestinal Tract review Flashcards
Another name for the gastrointestinal tract is the
alimentary canal
The characteristic appearance of the bowel wall can be described by a term known as the
gut signature
True or False
The parietal peritoneum covers the anterior, lateral and posterior walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and forms a closed sac
false
The deepest fold of the peritoneal cavity in females is called the:
rectouterine pouch, posterior cul-de-sac, pouch of Douglas
The esophagus is a part of the GI tract that can be seen on a lonitiudinal image of the left lobe of the liver, just inferior to the heart and anterior to the aorta. This segment is commonly referred to as the:
esophogastric junction
True or False
The visceral layer of the peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominopelvic and the parietal peritoneum covers the organs.
false
The space between two layers of peritoneum is known as the peritoneal cavity. It is divided into two parts. Which of the following is one of those parts?
a. greater omentum
b. mediastinum
c. Epoploic foramen
d. lesser sac
d
An open window opening between the two parts of the peritoneal cavity is called the:
EPIPLOIC FORAMEN
Which of the structures below will be found within the peritoneum?
a. stomach
b. pancreas
c. cecum
d. uterine fundus
b
What is the deepest, innermost, mucosal esophageal surface that can be visualized on both endoscopic and transabdominal imaging?
mucosal surface
In cases of gastritis, thinning of the mucosa is considered a precursor of what pathology?
gastric carcinoma
Chron’s disease primarily affects young adults and affects what anatomic region?
ileum
What portion of the duodenum bends and courses inferiorly to the right of the pancreatic head?
second
What portion of the GI tract have walls that are thicker and can nearly always be visualized sonographically in the normal patient using a transabdominal scanning approach?
stomach
What carcinoma affects more men and elderly with about equal frequency in the middle to lower third of the esophagus?
squamous cell carcinoma
Where is the body and antrum of the stomach located relative to the gallbladder and porta hepatitis?
medial
Where is the body and antrum of the stomach located relative to the left hepatic lobe?
posterior or inferior
Gastric carcinoma arises from what layer of the stomach?
mucosa
What portion of the duodenum includes the duodenal bulb?
first
What is the most common primary neoplastic lesion of the small bowel?
myomas
What region does inflammation usually start with ulcerative colitis that is an inflammatory disease confined to the colonic mucosa and submucosa?
rectal
What is the normal wall thickness when the colon is distended to a diameter of greater or equal to 5cm?
2mm to 4 mm thick
When would a sonographer expect to see bubbles escape from the bowel?
duodenal bulb perforation
failure of the intestine to propel its contents due to diminished motility
ileus
abnormal twisting of the intestines that can lead to obstruction, gangrene, perforation, and peritonitis
volvulus
difficulty swallowing
dysphagia
fecalith or calcification found in the appendiceal lumen
appendicolith
an erosion in the mucosal layer of the wall of the GI tract
ulcer
Rhythmic dilatation and contraction that propels the contents of the GI tract
peristalsis
what is the innermost layer of the bowel wall
epithelium
what is the most common esophageal cancer most commonly located in the upper and mid esophagus
squamous cell
what describes the location of the esophagogastric junction?
Posterior to the left lobe and to the right of the abdominal aorta
Where are the layers of the GI wall thickest
stomach
what should the bowel wall measure when the stomach is not distended?
4-6 mm
where does the inflammation start in Crohn’s disease?
submucosa
what does crohns disease primarily affect?
ileum
what is the most common benign tumor of the small bowel
leiomyoma
when performing a sonograph examination, what structure will help located the appendix?
cecum
what term describes a positive sign to rebound tenderness and pain located over the area of the appendix
McBurney sign
Where do the majority of colon cancers occur
rectum and sigmoid colon
which part of the GI tract can be seen curving around the pancreatic head
duodenum
The GI tract is, essentially, a _____ foot muscular tube, originating at the mouth and terminating at the anus
30
The sonographic structure of the bowel is usually described as five layers: three ______ layers separated by two ______ ones
echogenic
hypoechoic
The antrum and body of the stomach often appear as a target like structure inferior to ________ on longitudinal sonograms
the left lobe
Chronic gastritis may present as enlarged rugal folds with generalized thickening of the _______ layer of the wall
mucosal
Sonographically with small bowel obstruction, the bowel loops are typically _______ in cross sectio, and peristalsis can vary from none to markedly increased
perfectly roung
telescoping of bowel into itself
insussusception
associated with obstruction of the appendiceal lumen
appendicities
sonographically, appendicitis appears as a non compressible appendix greater than _____ mm with mucus and possible appendicolith in the appendiceal lumen
6
Colon cancer is the _____ leading cause of death from cancer
third
what is the advantage of an endoluminal transducer
higher frequencies can be used
Crohn’s disease primarily affects which age group?
young adults
What is formed from the circular muscle fibers that surround the duodenal orifice of the common bile duct
sphincter of oddi
what is the primary site for metastasis from gastrointestinal cancer?
liver
Which statement best describes intussusception in adults?
occurs in the setting of a tumor
What is the sonographic appearance of carcinoid tumor?
sharply marginated hypoechoic masses without acoustic enhancement
In cases of gastritis, thinning of the mucosa is considered a precursor of which pathology
gastric carcinoma
What portion of the duodenum includes the duodenal bulb?
first
failure of the intestine to propel its contents due to diminished motility
ileus
abnormal twisting of the intestines that can lead to obstruction, gangrene, perforation, and peritonitis
volvulus
difficulty swallowing
dysphagia
fecalith or calcification found in the appendiceal lumen
appendicloth
an erosion in the mucosal layer of the wall of the GI tract
ulcer
Rythymic dilatation and contraction that propels the contents of the GI tract
peristalsis
which of the following is NOT a layer of the bowel wall?
a. lamina propria
b. intima media
c. muscularis mucosa
d. serosa
b
What is the innermost layer of the bowel wall?
serosa
what is the most common esophageal cancer most commonly located in the upper and mid-esophagus?
squamous cell
Which of the following describes the location of the esophagogastric junction?
a. posterior to the left lobe and to the right of the abdominal aorta
b. posterior to the left lobe and posterior to the abdominal aorta
c. posterior to the left lobe and anterior to the aorta
d. the esophagogastric junction can never be visualized sonographically
c
Where are the layers of the GI tract wall thickest?
stomach
What should the bowel wall measure when the stomach is not distended?
4 to 6 mm
Where teh inflammation start in Chrohn’s disease?
Submucosa
Your patient has been referred for an abdominal sonography examination with a history of abdominal pain and Crohn disease. Which of the following does Crohn disease primarily affect?
a. ileum
b. duodenum
c. stomach
d. cecum
a
Which of the following statements regarding the jejunum and ileum is FALSE?
a. The jejunum and ileum lie to the right and left of the abdomen, respectively
b. The valvulae conniventes of the mucosa can usually be seen if fluid is present within the loops
c. the diameter of the jejunum and ileum should measure less than 3 cm
d. Peristalsis should be visualized in the normal small bowel
a
Which of the following CANNOT cause an ileus?
a. surgery
b. spinal fracture
c. intussusception
d. acute pancreatitis
c
A 2 year old patient presents with abdominal pain and a palpable abdominal mass. Sonographically, an echogenic mass is seen in the midline and in the transverse plane it appears to demonstrate multiple concentric rings. What is the most likely diagnosis?
intussusception
what is the most common benign tumor of the small bowel
leiomyoma
when performing a sonography examination, what structure will help located the appendix?
cecum
what term describes to a positive sign to rebound tenderness and pain located over the area of the appendix?
McBurney sign
which of the following statements regarding appendicitis is FALSE?
a. a calcified appendicloth can help identify an inflamed appendix
b. an inflamed appendix will demonstrate hyperemic flow with color or power Doppler
c. a noncompressible appendix greater than 6 mm is considered abnormal.
d. Sonography cannot visualize a normal appendix
d
A 20 year old patient presents with right lower quadrant pain, The sonogram demonstrates an 8mm noncompressible target shaped lesion at the area of the maximum tenderness. A calcification is seen within the lesion. What is the most likely diagnosis?
appendicitis with appendicloth
were to the majority of colon cancers occur?
rectum and rectosigmoid colon
Your patient complains of abdominal pain; while scanning over the area of tenderness, you locate a loop of bowel with visible haustra. This is characteristic of which part of the GI tract?
large intestine
which part of the GI tract can be seen curving around the pancreatic head?>
duodenum
A patient presents with abdominal pain and your evaluation reveals multiple dilated fluid-filled small bowel loops with markedly increased peristalsis. What is the most likely diagnosis?
bowel obstruction
Another name for the gastrointestinal tract is:
alimentary canal
The characteristic appearance of the bowel wall can be described by a term known as the
gut signature
The parietal peritoneum covers the anterior, lateral, and posterior walls of the abdominopelvic cavity and forms a closed sac.
false
The deepest fold of the peritoneal cavity in females is called the
rectouterine pouch
posterior cul-de-sac
pouch of Douglas
The esophagus is part of the GI tract that can be seen on a longitudinal image of the left lobe of the liver, just inferior to the heart and anterior to the aorta. This segment is commonly referred to as the
esophogastric junction
The visceral layer of the peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominopelvic and the parietal peritoneum covers the organs
false
The space between the two layers of peritoneum is known as the peritoneal cavity. It is divided into two parts. Which of the following is one of those parts?
a. greater omentum
b. mediastinum
c. epiploic foramen
d. lesser sac
d
An open window opening between the two parts of the peritoneal cavity is called the
epiploic foramen
Which of the structures show below will not be found within the peritoneum?
a. stomach
b. pancreas
c. cecum
d. uterine fundus
b
The part of the GI tract that can be seen curving around the pancreas\
duodenum
Squamous cell cancer can present with what symptom?
dysphagia
The normal appendix should not measure more than ___ mm in diameter and the wall should not measure more than ____ thick.
6, 2
Failure of the intestine to propel its contents owning to diminished motility, and may be caused by peritonitis, spinal fracture, renal colic, acute pancreatitis, bowel ischemia etc.
ileus
Fecalith or calcification found in the appendiceal lumen is called
appendicloth
What is the most common esophageal cancer most commonly located in the upper and mid esophagus
squamous cell
Where does inflammation start in Crohn’s disease?
submucosa
What is the most common benign tumor of the small bowel?
leiomyoma
A positive sign to rebound tendernessand pain located over the area of the appendix
McBurney sign
Where does the most common cancer occur in the colon?
rectum and rectosigmoid colon