A11 Flashcards
Safeguarding
Protecting an individuals health, well-being and human rights allowing them to live free from abuse, neglect and harm
Most in need or protection
-children
-young adults
-vulnerable individuals
Six safeguarding principles
-empowerment
-prevention
-protection
-partnership
-accountability
-proportionality
Empowerment
Individuals should be supported to make their own decisions based on the best possible information
Prevention
Better to take action before harm occurs
Proportionality
Actions should be proportionate to the risk, being overprotective can disadvantage service users to be able to make their own decisions
Protection
Service users who are in greatest need of support and protection
Partnership
Working with a range of professionals, groups and communities to prevent, detect and report neglect or abuse
Accountability
Healthcare professionals need to be accountable for any activities in relation to safeguarding
Mental capacity act 2005 amendment 2019
It strengthens and protects the rights of people who wish to plan for the future in the event of becoming incapacitated as well as the rights of those who currently lack capacity
Care act 2014
The care act underlines the importance of protecting the most vulnerable in society from harm, abuse and neglect
Health and social care act 2012
It enables patients to be able to choose services which best mate that means including from charity or independent sector providers, provided they may NHS costs. This act is intended to empower patients to make choices
Safeguarding vulnerable groups act 2006
This act works closely with the police and helps to safeguard both adults and children from harm and abuse by preventing unsuitable people I’m working with vulnerable adults and children.
This involves:
-Processing request for criminal record checks by searching police records
-Deciding whether is appropriate for a person to be placed on or removed from a barred list
-Hey some people on the DBS children’s barred lists and adults barred list for England Wales and Northern Ireland
NICE guidance and quality standards
The guide aims to reduce abuse and suggest that were here to gather with agencies in a multiagency partnership is the best solution. NICE gives advice on training and suggest that ongoing support from within an organisation is also needed for individual practitioners
The quality standards expected from NICE
-Harm from domestic violence and abuse
-Morality from domestic violence and abuse
-Emergency attendances for domestic violence and abuse
-Quality of life
-Personal safety
-Duration of domestic violence and abuse
-Recurrence of domestic violence and abuse
NHS England guide
NHS England produce a pocket guide called safeguarding adults designed to help healthcare professionals working with adults to recognise signs of use which they might see in their patients who are receiving care
Topics covered in the pocket guide
-The care act in relation to safeguarding
-Healthcare staffs responsibilities
-The role of the member of staff raising abuse along the abuse alarm
- Information sharing
- The mental capacity act 2005
-Assessing capacity chart
- Domestic violence and abuse
- Female genital mutilation
-Human trafficking
-Modern slavery
Factors that contribute to abuse
-Women
-People from black, Asian minority ethnic backgrounds
-Children
-Young people
-Elderly people
-Pregnant woman and those with young children
-People with mental or physical disabilities
-People who speak English as an additional language
-People affected by substance misuse
-LGBTQ individuals
-People with poor literacy skills
Physical abuse includes
-Female genital mutilation ~ When a females external genitals are deliberately removed, cut or injured for non-medical reasons
-Hitting ~ If someone deliberately hurt another person by hitting a slapping them, this is a form of physical abuse
-Burns ~ Burns could be non-accidental which means they were infected by someone else
Modern day slavery
Victims or deceived or coerced into work working, having been promised a better life and the opportunity to earn money for themselves and their families. Instead, they end up working for individuals who threaten them and they use violence against them
Sexual
Generally the motivation for sexual abuse is about more than just sex and it’s common with other forms of abuse, is about the perpetrator trying to exert control or dominance over the person who they are abusing
Sexual contact is where the abuser makes physical contact with the individual which includes
-Sexual touching of any part of an individuals body whether they are clothed or not
-Using a body part of object to rape an individual
-Forcing an individual to take part in sexual activities
-Making an individual undress or touch someone else
Non-sexual contact abuse is when individual is abused without being touched by the abuser which includes
-Exposing or flashing
-Showing pornography
-Exposing an individual to sexual acts
-Making them masturbate
-Forcing an individual to make, view or share abuse images or videos
-Making, viewing or distributing abuse images or videos
-Forcing an individual to take part in sexual activities 
Emotional
Belittling:
Belittling is putting someone down so that they feel small and unimportant
Bullying:
Bullying can take place anywhere. It is usually defined as repetitive behaviour which is intended to hurt someone is emotionally or physically
Verbal abuse:
Verbal abuse is a range of words or behaviours used to manipulate, intimidate and maintain power and control over someone
Gaslighting:
Gaslighting is a form of physiological abuse where a person makes another question their perception of reality or memories

Control
Assaults:
Assault could be threatening or carrying out the school for some action that makes someone frightened
Threats and intimidation:
A threat is an expression of intent to injure or hurt someone often as a consequence of not complying with their requests or instructions. Intimidation is making someone scared of fearful
Humiliation:
Humiliation means putting down the person and making them so small or embarrassing them. It means interfering with their pride and dignity to make them feel inferior. 
Financial
Withholding/taking money:
Withholding money is a form of control, as individuals should have the freedom to spend how they wish as long as it is in the best interest and unless, where they like mental capacity, they are in danger of giving away all their money
Neglect
Neglect is the failure to give a minimum standards of care to meet an individual basic needs
Self-neglect
Self-neglect covers a wide range of behaviours such as neglecting personal hygiene or neglecting to eat
Neglect by others
-With holding access to food or the right food for a person
-Not supporting the person to wash and maintain appropriate personal hygiene and comfort
-Not supporting a person to change soiled or wet clothing
-Not seeking medical assistance with a person needs it
-Withholding access to appropriate medication or treatment for person
Domestic
Domestic abuse occurs in the home and is usually committed by partner a family member. It can include harassment, bullying, physical violence, emotional abuse, stalking, FGM, forced marriage and honour based abuse
Professional abuse
Abuse can be perpetrated by all kinds of of people, including any professional healthcare worker who is responsible for providing health care
Honour based abuse
Honoured based abuse is any practice used by families to control behaviour in order to protect the reputation of the family
Violence
Violence can include verbal abuse or threats as well as physical attack such as punching, grabbing, pushing and slapping. Victims may be over powered by the abuser
Cruelty
Cruelty means inflicting mental or physical stuff on an individual who is weaker than themselves
Forced marriage
Forced marriage is well one of those people do not consent to the marriage as they are pressurised or abuse is used to force them to do so 
Child sexual exploitation
Child sexual exploitation is abuse by people who have power over young children and use it to sexually abuse them
Organisational
Institutional setting sometimes involve rigid routines, such as set meal times that don’t respect individuals privacy, comfort and unique names. People are used to choosing when they eat when they are in their own home, where they can also have a snack or drink whenever they want. And this regime if they do not feel like eating in the early evening they have to go hungry until breakfast the next day
Possible signs of physical abuse
-Bruising
-Scars
-Burns
-Bleeding
-Cuts and wounds
Possible signs of emotional abuse
-Depression
-Low self-esteem
Possible signs of organisation abuse
-Restricted visiting times
-Patient complaints
Possible signs of financial abuse
-Lack of money
-Debt
Possible signs of sexual abuse
-Unwanted pregnancy
-Sexually transmitted infection
-Sexual promiscuity
Possible signs of neglect
-Unkempt appearance
-Malnutrition
Actions that can be taken by individuals and organisations could reduse the chances of abuse
-Raising awareness and education
- Staff training
-Whistleblowing procedure
-Effective complaints procedure
-Risk management procedure
-Risk assessment for each individual case
-Working person centred values
-Multi agency working
What action to take if abuse is suspected or disclosed
-Communicate with the individual (Respecting confidentiality balance with assessing risk, ensure a record of any disclosure is recorded Word for Word)
-Reporting (Knowledge of the reporting procedure and report line, Report instance but don’t intervene unless immediate or imminent safety, understand the next point of escalation of suspected abuse is not investigated)
-Ability to challenge authority
-Preserving evidence (Documentation of facts, observation charts, clinical photography)
Patient safety
The avoidance of accidental injury or harm during a period of receiving healthcare
Clinical effectiveness
The application of healthcare taking into consideration the individuals wishes, healthcare professionals experience and evidence based research in the approach
Why patient safety and clinical effectiveness is important
-Raises the standard of care, improving the patient experience and quality (The patient must be at the centre of any treatment and should be treated as an individual)
-Avoids negative outcomes for the provision of care (What outcomes from healthcare could mean that the patient needs to stay in hospital longer, therefore they are more likely to pick up superbug such as MRSA. This could delay their recovery and they may be in for a longer period of time
Meaning of radicalisation
Radicalisation occurs when individuals believe and support extreme ideas around political, religious or social ideals, especially with regard to the use of violence. It is a form of exploitation involving individuals being influenced and coerced into extremism
Identifying signs of radicalisation
-Detachment from family and friends
-Raised levels of anger
-Failure or avoidance in discussing own views
-Increased interest in privacy or secretive behaviours
Factors that may contribute to radicalisation
-Peer pressure related to terrorism
-Sudden religious fervour
-Disagreement with family and friends over extremist views
-Underperforming
-Experience of poverty or social disadvantage
-Researching radicalist new, views etc online
-Disturbing world events
-Personal crisis
-Feeling rejected by family and friends
-Victim of hate crime
-Looking to blame others
-Identity confusion
-Change in behaviour
Purpose of the prevent strategy
To work with communities to support vulnerable people at risk of being radicalised
Importance of positive behaviour
-key to safeguarding individuals
-failure to comply with behavioural standards could result in noncompliance and deregistration
Range of positive behaviour expected by a health professional
-people first approach
-effective communication
-maintain safety
-encourage professionalism and trust
NHS core values
-working together for patients
-respect and dignity
-everyone counts
-commitment to quality
-compassion
-improving lives
Reasons to whistleblow
-untrained staff
-unsafe patient care
-unsafe working conditions
-bullying culture
-not safeguarding patients
Conflict of interest
A situation where a person of trust or an organisations own interest are in direct conflict with the interest of the patient
How to deal with conflicts of interest
-be open and honest acting with integrity
-follow workplace guidelines
-declare any personal conflicts
