A&P - Lecture 3 Flashcards
Fibroblasts
Large flat cells with branching processes. Usually the most numerous. Location: all the general connective tissues Function: migrate through the connective tissues, secreting the fibers and certain substances of the ground substance of the ECM.
Macrophages
type of WBC, developed from monocytes. They have irregular shape with short branching projections. Locations: fixed in certain systems; some are all over and wandering Function: engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis
Plasma Cells
small cells that develop from WBC known as B lymphocyte Location: many places; most in connective tissue, especially GI and respiratory tract, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen, red marrow Function: Secrete antibodies, proteins that attach foreign substances in the body
Mast Cells
Location: abundant along blood vessels that supply connective tissue Function: 1. produce histamine which causes small blood vessels to dilate in response to inflammatory response, reacting to injury or infection. 2. bind to, ingest and kill bacteria
Adipocytes
“fat cells” connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats) Location: deep to the skin & around organs (heart & kidneys) Function: storage of triglycerides
Leukocytes
white blood cells Location: not found in significant numbers in connective tissue, but will migrate from blood into connective tissue under certain conditions. Function: protection from invasion of disease-causing organisms
Neutrophilis
gather at sites of infection (bacterial)
Eosinophils
migrate to sites of parasitic invasion and allergic responses
Lympocytes
viral infections
Basophils
allergic response
Simple Squamous Epithelium Location
Location:
Surface of Mesothelial lining of the Peritonuem, air sacs of lungs
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Location: Peritoneum of small intestine, air sacs of lungs
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: Kidney Tubules and small ducts of many glands
Non-Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Location: Digestive Tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Location: lines the bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Epithelium
Location:
Lines the trachea, and most of the upper respiratory system
Non-keratinized stratified squamous Epithelium
Location: Vagina
Keratinized stratified squamous Epithelium
Location: Skin
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Location:
Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Location: small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
Transitional Epithelium
Location: Bladder
Transitional Epithelium
Location: Bladder
Embryonic Tissue
Embryonic Mesenchyme: present primarily in the embryo (from fertilization through the second month of pregnancy)
Locations: under the skin and along developing bones. There may be some in adult connective tissue, occurring along the blood vessels
Mucous Connective Tissue
Found ONLY in the umbilical cord. AKA Wharton’s Jelly
Areolar Connective tissue
widely distributed
Location: in/around nearly every body structure. (aka: packing material); subcutaneous layer, just under the skin, papillary regions of the dermis of the skin (superficial); lamina propria of mucus membranes, around blood vessels, nerves and body organs
Adipose Tissue
Location: it will be found locations around areolar tissue; subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints, behind eyeball in the eye socket
Reticular Connective Tissue
fine, interlacing network of reticular fibers (thin form of collagen) and reticular cells
Location: Stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina of the basement membrane, around blood vessels and muscles
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Location: forms tendons (attach muscle to bone); forms ligaments (attaches bone to bone) and aponeuroses (sheet like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone)
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Characteristics: Collagen fibers; irregularly arranged; a few fibroblasts present; occurs in sheets
Location: occurs in sheets-fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and organs), reticular(deeper) region of dermis of skin, fibrous pericardium of the heart, periosteum of bone and cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes) also in heart valves
Elastic Connective Tissue
Characteristics: predominantly elastic fibers with fibroblasts in between them; unstained tissue is yellow
Location: lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of the penis, some ligaments of vertebrate
Hyaline Cartilage
Characteristics: glassy, gel ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish-white shiny substance; fine collagen fibers present but not visible with ordinary staining; prominent chondrocytes found in lacunae surrounded by perichondrium. Exception: articular cartilage in joints; cartilage of epiphyseal plates where bone lengthens during growth)
Location: most abundant cartilage in the body; at the ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton
Elastic cartilage
Characteristics: chondrocytes are threadlike network of elastic fibers within extracellular matrix, perichondrium present
Location: lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of the external ear (auricle), auditory (Eustachian tubes)
Blood Tissue
Blood plasma=A liquid connective tissue; extracellular matrix is liquid; pale yellow with a variety of dissolved substances
Formed element=elements suspended in plasma
red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelets
Skeletal Muscle
Characteristics: long, cylindrical striated fibers; alternating light and dark bands with fibers that are visible in a microscope; multiple nuclei per cell and found at the periphery. This is under voluntary control
Location: usually attached to bones by tendons
Myotin/Actin
Cardiac Muscle
Characteristics: branched, striated fibers; usually only one centrally located nucleus, occasionally two. Attached end to end by intercalated discs, containing desmosomes and gap junctions. Desmosomes strengthen tissues and hold fibers together during vigorous contraction. Gap junctions allow for the quick conduction of electrical signals (action potentials)
Location: heart wall
Function: pumps blood to entire body
Smooth Muscle
Characteristics: involuntary contraction; non striated-“smooth”; small spindle shaped fiber; tapered at each end. One centrally located nucleus.
Location: iris of eyes; walls of hollow internal structures, such as blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gall bladder, urinary bladder and uterus
Function: Motion (constriction of BV and airways, propulsion of food through the GI tract, contraction of urinary bladder and gall bladder).
Nerve Tissue
Characteristics:
Two Principle Types of Cells:
- Neurons (nerve cells sensitive to stimuli) {convert stimuli into electrical signals called action potentials]
- Neuroglia (supporting cells)
Location: Nervous System
