A & P - Lab 3 Flashcards
Epithelial Tissue
covers body surfaces; lines hollow organs; body cavities; ducts; forms glands
Connective Tissue
protects & supports the body and its organs
Muscle Tissue
composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force; also generates heat that warms the body
Nervous Tissue
detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electircal signals that activate muscular contractions and secretion of glands
Tight Junctions
web-like strands of transmembrane proteins; fuse together outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells
Adherens Junctions
cell to cell anchor inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.
Desmosomes
cell to cell anchor contain Plaques and cadherins; similar to adheren junctions and extend into the intracellular space; attach cells to one another; however instead of attaching to microfilaments like the adheren junctions; they attach to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton.
Hemidesmosomes (Half resemble desmosomes)
“cell to basement membrane anchor. half resemble desmosomes; anchor cells to the basement membrane. Integrins are the transmembrane proteins in desmosomes [bind to the extracellular matrix]
Gap Junctions
cell to cell connection.? That allow small particles and ions to flow between the two cells; but restricting the larger molecules.
Apical (Free) surface (most superficial)
Faces the body surface; body cavity; lumen (interior space) of an organ; or tubular duct that receives cells secretions.
Lateral surfaces:
Face adjacent cells on either side
Basal surfaces (deepest)
Opposite of the apical (free surface); adhere to the extracellular materials such as basement membrane
Basement membrane
thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers: Basal lamina (thin layer) and Reticular Lamina (closer to underlying connective tissue)
Basal lamina
(thin layer) closer to the epithelial cells Associated proteins found here: laminin & collagen
Reticular Lamina
closer to underlying connective tissue Associated proteins found here: collagen; secreted by fibroblasts
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Air sacs of lungs nd the lining of the heart; blood vessels; and lymphatic vessels
Simple Cuboidial Epithelium
In ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubles
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Ciliated tissues are in the bronchi; uterine tubes; and uterus; smooth (nonciliated tissues) are in the digestive tract; bladder
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Lines the esophagus; mouth; and vagina
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Sweat glands; salvry glnds; and the mammary glands
Statified Columnar Epithelium
The male urethra and the ducts of some glands
Transistional Epithelium
Lines the bladder; uretha; and ureters
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Ciliated variety lines airways of most of upper respirotory tract; nonciliated variety lines larger ducts of many glads; epididymis; and part of male urethra
Areolar connective tissue
in/around nearly every body structure. (aka: packing material); subcutaneous layer; just under the skin; papillary regions of the dermis of the skin (superficial); lamina propria of mucus membranes; around blood vessels; nerves and body organs
Adipose tissue
it will be found locations around areolar tissue; subcutaneous layer deep to the skin; around heart and kidneys; yellow bone marrow; padding around joints; behind eyeball in the eye socket
Reticular connective tissue
Stroma (supporting framework) of liver; spleen; lymph nodes; red bone marrow; reticular lamina of the basement membrane; around blood vessels and muscles
Dense regular connective tissue
forms tendons (attach muscle to bone); forms ligaments (attaches bone to bone) and aponeuroses (sheet like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone)
Dense irregular connective tissue
occurs in sheets-fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and organs); reticular(deeper) region of dermis of skin; fibrous pericardium of the heart; periosteum of bone and cartilage; joint capsules; membrane capsules around various organs (kidneys; liver; testes; lymph nodes) also in heart valves
Elastic connective tissue
lung tissue; walls of elastic arteries; trachea; bronchial tubes; true vocal cords; suspensory ligaments of the penis; some ligaments of vertebrate
Hyaline cartilage
most abundant cartilage in the body; at the ends of long bones; anterior ends of ribs; nose; parts of larynx; trachea; bronchi; bronchial tubes; embryonic and fetal skeleton
Fibrocartilage elastic cartilage
lid on top of larynx (epiglottis); part of the external ear (auricle); auditory (Eustachian tubes)
Bone
both compact and spongy bone tissue make up various parts of the bones of the body
Blood
within blood vessels within chambers of the heart
Fibroblasts
Large flat cells with branching processes. Usually the most numerous. Location: all the general connective tissues Function: migrate through the connective tissues; secreting the fibers and certain substances of the ground substance of the ECM.
Macrophages
type of WBC; developed from monocytes. They have irregular shape with short branching projections. Locations: fixed in certain systems; some are all over and wandering Function: engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis
Plasma Cells
small cells that develop from WBC known as B lymphocyte Location: many places; most in connective tissue; especially GI and respiratory tract; salivary glands; lymph nodes; spleen; red marrow Function: Secrete antibodies; proteins that attach foreign substances in the body
Mast Cells
Location: abundant along blood vessels that supply connective tissue Function: 1. produce histamine which causes small blood vessels to dilate in response to inflammatory response; reacting to injury or infection. 2. bind to; ingest and kill bacteria
Adipocytes
fat cells connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats) Location: deep to the skin & around organs (heart & kidneys) Function: storage of triglycerides
Leukocytes
Location: not found in significant numbers in connective tissue; but will migrate from blood into connective tissue under certain conditions. Function: Neutrophils: gather at sites of infection (bacterial) Eosinophils: migrate to sites of parasitic invasion and allergic responses
Ground substance
Structure: May be fluid; semifluid; gelatinous; or calcified Function: 1. Supports cells; binds the together; supplies water; provides a medium for exchange of substances between the blood and cells 2. Plays an active role in how tissues develop; migrate proliferate and change shape and how they carry out metabolic function
Collagen fibers
Very strong; resist tension (pulling forces) Properties vary per tissue o Cartilage vs. bone: cartilage is surrounded by more water molecules than bone giving a cushion effect o Occur in parallel bundles (adds tensile strength) Protein: collagen (most abundant protein in the body=25% of total) Location: most types of connective tissue (especially bone; cartilage and tendons)
Elastic fibers
Smaller in diameter than collagen fibers; strong Branch and join to form a fibrous network in connective tissue Composition: o Protein: elastin (surrounded by) o Glycoprotein: Fibrillin which adds strength and stability They have elasticity (They can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length and are able to return to original shape after being stretched.) Location: skin; blood vessels; lung tissue
Reticular fiber
Protein: collagen Arrangement: fine bundles with a glycoprotein covering Location: Provides support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues o Areolar tissue o Adipose tissue o Nerve fibers o Smooth muscle tissue Produced by: fibroblasts Characteristics: o Thinner than collagen o Form branching networks Functions: o provide support and strength (like collagen fibers) o Abundant in reticular connective tissue; which forms the stroma (supporting framework) of many soft organs) o Helps form the basement membrane
